• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.158-165
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• 2019

Knowledge based system includes tools for constructing, testing, validating and refining the system along with user interfaces. An important issue in the design of a complete knowledge based system is the ability to produce explanations. Explanations are not just a series of rules involved in reasoning track. More detailed and explicit form of explanations is required not only for reliable reasoning but also for maintainability of the knowledge based system. This requires the explanation mechanisms to extend from knowledge oriented analysis to task oriented explanations. The explicit modeling of problem solving structures is suggested for explanation generation as well as for efficient and effective reasoning. Unlike other explanation scheme such as feedback explanation, the detailed, smaller and explicit representation of problem solving constructs can provide the system with capability of quality explanation. As a key step to development for explanation scheme, the problem solving methods are broken down into a finer grained problem solving primitives. The system records all the steps with problem solving primitives and knowledge involved in the reasoning. These are used to validate the conclusion of the consultation through explanations. The system provides user interfaces and uses specific templates for generating explanation text.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.49-58
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• 2019

Efficient evidential reasoning is an important issue in the development of advanced knowledge based systems. Efficiency is closely related to the design of problems solving methods adopted in the system. The explicit modeling of problem-solving structures is suggested for efficient and effective reasoning. It is pointed out that the problem-solving method framework is often too coarse-grained and too abstract to specify the detailed design and implementation of a reasoning system. Therefore, as a key step in developing a new reasoning scheme based on properties of the problem, the problem-solving method framework is expanded by introducing finer grained problem-solving primitives and defining an overall control structure in terms of these primitives. Once the individual components of the control structure are defined in terms of problem solving primitives, the overall control algorithm for the reasoning system can be represented in terms of a finite state diagram.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈E:수학교육논문집
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.653-674
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• 2023

수학과 교육과정에서 수학 문제해결력 신장, 수학 문제만들기 등이 꾸준히 강조되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 Brown & Walter가 제안한 what-if-not 방법과는 다른 방향의 문제만들기 방법을 연구하였다. 여기서 다루는 문제만들기 방법에서는 출발점 문제의 문제해결 과정을 분석하여 그 구성 요소들을 변화시키며, 얻어진 변화를 바탕으로 문제해결 과정을 역으로 거슬러 올라가면서 새로운 문제, 즉 출발점 문제를 변형시킨 문제를 만들었다. 이러한 순서로 문제를 만들면, 문제해결 과정으로부터 새로운 변형된 문제가 유도될 수 있다. 즉, 문제해결 과정이 문제에 선행하게 되며, 본 연구에서는 이러한 문제만들기 방법을 연역적 문제만들기라고 명명하였다. 특히, 연역적 문제만들기의 다양한 사례들, 특징들을 구체적으로 제시하였으며, 치환을 이용하여 로그가 포함된 방정식으로부터 지수, 무리식, 삼각함수가 포함된 방정식 등을 만드는 과정을 소개하였다. 연역적 문제만들기는 문제해결의 반성 단계에서 문제해결 결과를 검증하고 확장하는 활동과 관련될 수 있으며, 수학 교사가 개념 정착, 복습 등과 같은 교수학적 목적에 따라 기존 문제를 변형시킬 때도 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국초등수학교육학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.67-86
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• 1997

본 연구의 목적은 문제 해결력을 신장시키기 위해 해결 전략과 각 전략별 문제의 유형을 살펴보고, 전략 지도를 위한 구체적인 방안을 모색하는 데 있다. 전략의 지도 계열은 사용하기 쉬운 전략부터 사용하기 어려운 전략의 차례로, 또 전략 습득에 소요되는 시간이 적은 것부터 많은 것의 차례로 지도하는 것이 바람직하다. 또한, 전략의 습득 지도를 위한 문제는 그 전략의 간편함과 우수함을 알 수 있어야 하고 기존의 지식과 기능으로 해결할 수 있어야 하며, 학생들이 흥미를 느낄 수 있는 문제가 제시되어야 할 것이다. 그리고, 전략의 응용 및 심화ㆍ발전시키기 위해서는 동일한 문제를 여러 가지 전략을 이용하여 해결한 후 각 전략의 특성을 분석ㆍ비교해 보는 기회가 필요하며, 좀 더 복잡한 문제 장면으로 확대ㆍ적용해 보는 기회가 필요하다.

• 한국디지털건축인테리어학회논문집
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2011

In creative design, it is necessary to understand the characteristic of architectural design. In the world of design problem, a distinction can be made between those that are well-defined and those that are ill-defined. Well-defined problems are those for which the ends or goal, are already prescribed and apparent, their solution requires the provision of appropriate means. For ill-defined problems, on the other hand, both the ends and the means of solution are unknown at the outset of the problem solving exercise, at least in their entirety. Most of design problems is ill-defined, which is unknown at the beginning of the problem solving exercise. In order to solve the design problem, Designers take advantage of the search methods of problem space, such as global-search-methods(depth-first-methods, breath-first-methods), local-search-methods(generate and test, heuristics, hill-climbing, reasoning) and visual thinking, which is represented through sketching. Sketching is a real part of design reasoning and it does so through a special kind of visual imagery. Also in the design problem solving it have been an important means of problem exploration and solution generation. By sketching, they represent images held in the mind as well as makes graphic images which help generate mental images of entity that is being designed. The search methods of problem space and a visual thinking have been crucially considered in the architectural design. The purpose of this paper is to explore the property of design by means of the pre-existed-experiment data and literature research. The findings will help design the architectural design for more creative results.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.313-323
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate factors affecting social problem-solving ability of alcohol-dependent patients with a focus on gender differences. Methods: Participants were 250 alcohol-dependent people(men 140, women 110) who were living in B, G and Y cities. Data were collected from January 10 to March 31, 2017 using self-report questionnaires. Abstinence self-efficacy, alcohol insight, unconditional self-acceptance, and social problem-solving ability were investigated. For data analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression were employed. Results: Factors influencing social problem-solving ability for men were unconditional self-acceptance and age. The explanatory power was 28%. Factors influencing social problem-solving ability for women were unconditional self-acceptance, stress, religiousness, age, occupation and abstinence self-efficacy and the explanatory power was 72%. Unconditional self-acceptance and age were significant variables of social problem-solving ability in both men and women. Stress, occupation, religiousness and abstinence self-efficacy were significantly associated with social problem-solving ability in women but not in men. Conclusion: The results suggest that it is necessary to consider gender characteristics in order to develop effective management programs for social problem-solving ability in alcohol-dependent people.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the critical thinking disposition, problem solving ability, and clinical competence of nursing students in a 4-year baccalaureate university program. Methods: In this study, a descriptive survey design was used with convenience sample of 228 nursing students at a University in Chungbuk Province. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple stepwise regression. Results: The mean scores for critical thinking disposition, problem solving ability, and clinical competence were at the intermediate level. Significant positive correlations among critical thinking disposition, problem solving ability, and clinical competence were found. The regression model explained 46.8% of clinical competence. Problem solving confidence was the most significant predictor of clinical competence, other variables were intellectual fairness, intellectual eagerness/curiosity, and prudence. Conclusion: The study findings suggest that nursing students with higher levels of critical thinking disposition and problem solving ability will have a higher level of clinical competence. Furthermore, problem solving confidence might be the most important predictor in clinical competence. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce the new teaching strategies in nursing education, strategies that will improve critical thinking disposition, problem solving ability, and clinical competence.

• 공학교육연구
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.58-69
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• 2021

It is very necessary to have a creative problem-solving capacities to learn various majors and liberal arts based on the major, and to solve the bottleneck techniques led by students. In this study, the existing creative problem-solving curriculums, 'Methodology of Inventive Problem Solving' based on TRIZ, were improved and applied, and industrial bottleneck techniques were provided to students to solve these techniques. To improve the curriculum, 1) improvement of instructional objectives and learning contents, 2) improvement of evaluation methods and contents (reflecting the evaluation of instructor and students), and 3) learning satisfaction survey were conducted in the following order. As a result of the application of the improved curriculum, the level of activities for each team was improved, and when the core process was well understood, the evaluation of team activities was also excellent, but there was a tendency to focus on methods that are relatively easy to apply in the problem solving process. In the final exam (learning contents evaluation), teams with difficult understanding of the TRIZ theory or low team activities showed a relatively high trend, but the difference in level between divisions was slightly reduced.

• 한국학교수학회논문집
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.381-395
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• 2010

학령 전 아이들은 형식적인 교육을 받지 않고서도 일상적인 경험이나 비형식적인 방법으로 수를 익히고, 계산을 한다. 따라서 학령 전 아이들의 수학적 능력에 대한 이해는 유치원 교육과 초등학교 저학년의 수학 학습 지도에 시사점을 줄 수 있다는 변에서 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 학령 전인 만 5세의 아이들이 사칙연산 문장제의 의미론적 측면의 문제 유형에 어느 정도의 해결 능력과 방법을 보이는가를 조사하였다. 연구 결과, 만 5세의 학령 전 아이들은 5보다 크고 10보다 작은 수로 구성된 사칙연산 문장제에 대하여 구체물을 이용한 비형식적 연산의 수행과 정신적 암산을 수행하는 방법을 통하여 문제를 해결할 수 있는 능력을 가지고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이것은 학령 전 아이들의 수학적 경험을 위한 교육과정이나 프로그램을 체계적으로 구성하여 제시할 필요성을 제기한다.

• 대한수학회논문집
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.657-670
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• 2019

In this paper, we consider the preconditioned iterative methods for solving linear complementarity problem associated with an M-matrix. Based on the generalized Gunawardena's preconditioner, two preconditioned SSOR methods for solving the linear complementarity problem are proposed. The convergence of the proposed methods are analyzed, and the comparison results are derived. The comparison results showed that preconditioned SSOR methods accelerate the convergent rate of the original SSOR method. Numerical examples are used to illustrate the theoretical results.