• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.51-67
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to develop and applicate the elementary environmental textbook in order to solve its problem and to improve attitude related to the Asian dust. The results in this research are as follows. First, it was showed that three groups who composed of teachers, parents and students in the elementary school had recognized the serosities and problems caused by the Asian dust form TV, and that such problems was associated with increase of the desertification and the global warming. Especially the student group insist that the cause in Asian dust is due to the natural phenomena or industrialization. Second, as a result in analysis on the Asian dust through both textbooks on the 7th elementary curriculum and subsidiary textbooks, contents concerning Asian dusts was little or noting. In addition, in the subjects of Science, Society and Health for the 5th and 6th grade students in the elementary school, they were explained partially as one of the air pollutants. Third, the elementary environmental textbook on the Asian dust was developed for the 5th and 6th grade students. The textbook is composed of four contents on the material which is harmful of the human health and life in Asian dust, the special news of Asian dust, and the best answer to solve Asian dust as well as the cause and the source of Asian dust. Forth, as a result in classes using the environmental textbook developed by four themes about the Asian dust, its application is meaningful in the level of p value in the view of knowledge, awareness and attitude of the experiment group. They was more improved in 37%, 14%, and 15%, respectively, than the comparative group. In conclusion, the environmental textbook related to Asian dust will play an important role in useful tool to understand the right knowledge, awareness, and attitude which makes an effort on its effective management in the elementary school.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.145-179
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• 2002

This study explores the change of family policy in Germany focused on political ideologies and instruments of CDU/CSU and SPD. In past 50 years after the 2. world war the family policy in Germany has been influenced by ideologies of 2 major political parties. With conservative political perspectives, CDU and CSU intend to strengthen the institution family and traditional division of domestic work. Therefore, they prefer indirect support methods by income tax benefit for family as political instrument. SPD with liberal political perspectives intends to support working married women and children. As political instrument SPD prefers allowance for child to indirect support system. This different political perspectives of 2 major parties have been reflected automatically on the federal administrative system(BMFSFJ) which takes responsibility of family policy in Germany. Through the analysis of attitudes to family policy of major parties in Germany this paper attempts to be manifest the problem of korean family policy and to find implications of german modell.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.123-127
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• 2007

Purpose: Rigid external distraction(RED) is a highly effective technique for correction of maxillary hypoplasia in patients with cleft or syndromic craniosynostosis. Despite many advantages of RED, it also has the problem of relapse as the conventional advancement surgery. Bicoronal approach, that is the common approach to gain access to the craniofacial skeleton, had some morbidity, such as hair loss, sensory loss, wide scar and temporal hollowing. We present our clinical experience of RED distraction with minimal invasive approach and early rigid fixation to overcome these disadvantages. Methods: A 27-year-old female patient with Crouzon's disease underwent Le Fort III osteotomy and RED device application through the minimal invasive direct skin incisions. After the latent period of 5 days, distraction was undertaken until proper convexity and advancement were obtained. During the rigid retention period, inflammation occurred on the right cheek, and proper conservative managements were done including continuous irrigation. To maintain the stability of distraction, early rigid fixation was undertaken on the osteotomy sites through another skin incisions. Preoperative and postoperative orthodontic treatments were performed. Serial photographs and cephalometric radiographs were obtained preoperatively, after distraction and 6 months after distraction. Results: The cephalometric analysis demonstrated postoperatively significant advancement of the maxilla and improvement of facial convexity. After 6-month follow-up period, the maxilla was stable in the sagittal plane and no relapse was found. Facial scars were not noticeable and other deformity and morbidity did not occur. Conclusion: This effective and stable technique will be a good alternative for the patients who need large amount of distraction and for adult patients with severe maxillary hypoplasia or syndromic craniosynostosis.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.15 no.3 s.56
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• pp.195-212
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• 2005

Surface subsidence which occurs with several reasons, such as collapse of gangway, discharge of groundwater, compaction of weak rock mass, and tunnel excavation in shallow depth, gives rise to a serious problem in national infra-structures. In this study, therefore, the mechanism of subsidence has been examined numerically to overcome the passive approach on subsidence occurrence area. With many kinds of numerical studies, the major geotechnical parameters have been selected and the weighted values have been defined for each parameters. Also the authors developed the numerical program which can estimate the possibility of subsidence occurrence, and proposed the decision method for objective and quantitative guideline. It is anticipated that this research will be helpful to establish the hazard map on subsidence region.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.651-665
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• 2020

Hydrolysis of biomass for the production of fermentable sugar can be improved by the addition of surfactants. In pulp and paper mills, lignin, which is a by-product of the pulping process, can be utilized as a fine chemical. In the hydrolysis process, lignin is one of the major inhibitors of the enzymatic breakdown cellulose into sugar monomer. Therefore, the conversion of lignin into a biosurfactant offers the opportunity to solve the waste problem and improve hydrolysis efficiency. In this study, lignin derivatives, a biosurfactant, was applied to enzymatic hydrolysis of various lignocellulosic biomass. This Biosurfactant can be prepared by reacting lignin with a hydrophilic polymer such as polyethylene glycol diglycidylethers (PEDGE). In this study, the effect of biosurfactants on the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB), oil palm empty fruit bunch, and sugarcane trash with different lignin contents was investigated. The results show that lignin derivatives improve the enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated biomass with low lignin content, however, it has less influence on the enzymatic hydrolysis of other pretreated biomass with lignin content higher than 10% (w/w). The use of biosurfactant on SSB kraft pulp can increase the sugar yield from 45.57% to 81.49%.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.125-131
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• 2000

Background: Hyperinflation during lung ischemia has been known to improve pulmonary functions after reperfusion which may be exerted through a pulmonary vasodilation and avoidance of atelectasis by an increased surfactant release and been known whether the improvement of pulmonary function was the effect of hyperinflation itself or the oxygen content in inflation gas. Therefore we attempted to clarify the effect of hyperinflation with oxygen in pulmonary inflation gas during warm ischemia on pulmonary function after reperfusion to solve the problem of ischemia-reperfusion injury after lung transplantation. Material and Method: sixteen mongrel dogs were randomly divided into two groups: the left lung was inflated to 30-35 cm H2O with 100% oxygen in oxygen group and 100% nitrogen in nitrogen group. The inflated left lung was maintained with warm ischemia for 100 minutes. Arterial and mixed venous blood gas analysis and hemodynamics were measured before ischemia and 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 minutes afer reperfusion. Lung biopsy was taken for the measurement of lung water content after the end of reperfusion. Result: In oxygen group arterial oxygen tension the difference of arterial and mixed venous oxygen tension and the difference of alveolar-arterial oxygen tension at 30-minute after reperfusion were not significantly different from those before ischemia and were stable during the 40hour reperfusion. However in nitrogen group these values were significantly deteriorated at 30-minute after reperfusion. there was no significant difference between two groups in hemodynamic data peak airway pressure and lung water content. Conclusion : The results indicated that the oxygenation one of the most important pulmonary functions was improved by pulmonary inflation with 100% oxygen during warm ischemia but the hemodynamics were not. Oxygen as a metabolic substrate during warm ischenia was believed to make the pulmonary tissues to maintain aerobic metabolism and to prevent ischemic damage of alveoli and pulmonary capillary.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.325-329
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• 2009

Lepomis macrochirus from the family Centrarchidae, commonly known as Bluegill sunfish, is an introduced freshwater fish in Korea that thrives in lakes, ponds, reservoirs and rivers. Since its introduction into Korea in 1969, Lepomis macrochirus has rapidly dispersed out and increased in number almost all over the freshwater ecosystems in Korea. Consequently this species causes a severe ecological problem, threatening native fishes due to its omnivorous foraging behaviors upon fish juveniles and many freshwater invertebrates. To address population genetic structure of L. macrochirus, 74 fish samples from 10 populations were collected and compared for their mitochondrial D-loop control region. As the result we found that the genetic diversity of L. macrochirus is extremely low such as resulting only four haplotypes with a few nucleotide differences among them. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that the source of population genetic variation is largely retained in the comparisons among individuals within populations, while it is relatively low with slight significance at the highest hierarchical group. This distribution pattern differs from what is expected when biogeography is under the influence of natural geographic barriers such as mountain ranges in Korea. Instead the result is accord with the influential role of random spreading events facilitated by local people for aquaculture and fishing, and subsequent dispersals since its single point of introduction into Korea.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.159-186
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• 2009

The innovation activity is an important factor for sustained growth in nations and firms. Particularly, the problem of appropriation of results of the innovative activity is very important for innovators since it enables them to enjoy the profits generated by their innovations. This study is intended to empirically analyse relative preference of patent and secrecy that is affected by characteristics of innovators and results of innovation using data from '2005: The Korean Innovation Survey' and Ordered Logit method. As a result of this study, the preference for a specific mechanism is clearly revealed in product innovation rather than process innovation. Also, in most research, questions results of analysis are equal to the previous studies and the nature of appropriation methods. However, the result of a research question based on sources of information is very different from previous researches. This study utilized more recent data than previous studies. This result reflects that existing patterns have been changed during recent period.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.413-413
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• 2010

In semiconductor manufacturing field, all equipments have various sensors to diagnosis the situations of processes. For increasing the accuracy of diagnosis, hundreds of sensors are emplyed. As sensors provide millions of data, the process diagnosis from them are unrealistic. Besides, in some cases, the results from some data which have same conditions are different. We want to find some information, such as data and knowledge, from the data. Nowadays, fault detection and classification (FDC) has been concerned to increasing the yield. Certain faults and no-faults can be classified by various FDC tools. The uncertainty in semiconductor manufacturing, no-faulty in faulty and faulty in no-faulty, has been caused the productivity to decreased. From the uncertainty, the rough set theory is a viable approach for extraction of meaningful knowledge and making predictions. Reduction of data sets, finding hidden data patterns, and generation of decision rules contrasts other approaches such as regression analysis and neural networks. In this research, a RGB sensor was used for diagnosis plasma instead of optical emission spectroscopy (OES). RGB data has just three variables (red, green and blue), while OES data has thousands of variables. RGB data, however, is difficult to analyze by human's eyes. Same outputs in a variable show different outcomes. In other words, RGB data includes the uncertainty. In this research, by rough set theory, decision rules were generated. In decision rules, we could find the hidden data patterns from the uncertainty. RGB sensor can diagnosis the change of plasma condition as over 90% accuracy by the rough set theory. Although we only present a preliminary research result, in this paper, we will continuously develop uncertainty problem solving data mining algorithm for the application of semiconductor process diagnosis.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.703-714
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• 2002

During drought, there have been a number of conflicts because of the limited and insufficient water to allocate for the numerous water users. To solve the problems, the decision on the priority of water use should be made with social rationality A rational and systematic procedure needs to be implemented in order to decide the priority of water use. First, a criteria level is made of the main and detailed drought impacts which come from the economic, environmental, and social aspects. Four alternatives are then identified for priority of water use. Second, survey to the two group(professional, residents) has been done with using pair wise comparisons. Finally, the relative weights and the priority of alternatives are determined by means of the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) which is one of the Multi-Attributed Decision Method(MADM). By using AHP, it has been concluded that the water allocation during drought should be accomplished in order of domestic, irrigation, industrial, and river maintenance water. If the AHP method were improved for inconsistency which may be generated with survey analysis, a number of applications will be used for the solutions of problem in water resources systems.