• 방사선산업학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.231-242
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• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate the synergistic protective effects of mixtures of corn silk, perilla leaf and grape stem extract (CPG mixture) against UVB-induced skin damage and compound 48/80-induced pruritus in mice. The results showed that treatment with CPG mixture exhibited much stronger suppressive effect on erythema and melanin index as well as melanin formation than treatment with ascorbic acid (AA) in UVB-irradiated mice. Moreover, the treatment with CPG mixture showed ameliorative effect on immune cell infiltration and collagen fiber destruction in UV-irradiated mice. The treatment with CPG mixture inhibited glutathione (GSH) depletion, lipid peroxidation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in UVB-irradiated mice. Furthermore, the treatment with CPG mixture inhibited compound 48/80-induced scratching behavior and histological changes in mice. Taken together, these results indicated that CPG mixture has potentials as functional and therapeutic materials against skin damage and itch-related skin diseases.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.142-153
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• 2021

Liver fibrosis is a wound-healing response to chronic liver injury, which is caused by the continuous and excess deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). The aim of this study is to investigate whether Uncaria rhynchophylla water extract (UR) can ameliorate thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver fibrosis. The liver fibrosis model was induced on C57BL/6 mice by intraperitoneal injection with TAA three times a week for 8 weeks. UR (200 mg/kg) or silymarin (50 mg/kg) was administered orally daily for 8 weeks. Biochemical analyses including AST, ALT, MPO, and Ammonia levels were measured in serum. In the mice liver tissues, western blot and histological staining were analyzed. As a result, UR dramatically reduced the levels in serum AST, ALT, MPO, and Ammonia levels. UR treatment regulated NADPH oxidase factors expression, and antioxidant enzymes except for GPx-1/2 were significantly increased via Nrf2 activation. Furthermore, pro-inflammatory mediators, such as COX-2 and iNOS were markedly suppressed through the inhibition of NF-κB activation. Expressions of ECM-related protein including α-SMA and Collagen I were noticeably decreased. The additional histological evaluation confirmed that hepatocyte damage and collagenous fiber accumulation were attenuated. Taken together, these data suggest that UR possessed hepatoprotective effects in TAA-induced liver fibrosis via the NF-κB inactivation and Nrf2 activation. Therefore, UR may act as a potential therapeutic drug against liver fibrosis.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.1597-1604
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 발린분자가 접목된 고차구조 폴리아미노산 자기조립체를 활용하여 피부성장인자의 피부활성에 관한 연구를 진행하였다. 친수성 폴리아미노산 유도체에 베타-시트를 형성할 수 있는 발린 분자를 접목하여, 접목도(degree of substitution)와 중합도(degree of polymerization)가 조절된 양친성 폴리아미노산을 합성하였다. 고차구조 폴리아미노산과 함께 자기조립 되었을 때 상피세포성장인자는 프로콜라겐 생합성이 20% 향상되었고 티로시나아제 활성 저해능은 6.5배 증가함을 확인하였다. 고차구조 폴리아미노산 자기조립체를 활용하면 다양한 단백질 성장인자의 구조 안정성을 확보하여 효과적인 피부개선이 가능한 기능성 화장품 물질뿐만 아니라 나아가 의약품으로도 사용 가능하리라 기대된다.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2021

Objectives This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Danggwisu-san (Dangguixu-san, DG) on bone repair from femur fracture in mice. Methods Mice were randomly divided into 4 groups (normal, control, positive control and DG 300 mg/kg-treated group). In order to investigate the effects of DG on gene expressions in experimental animals with fracture, we measured the levels of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), Sox9, collagen type II alpha 1 chain (Col2a1), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), osterix genes. After the cytotoxicity test, we analyzed the levels of expression of osteocalcin and Runx2, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), a pro-inflammatory cytokine. The process of fusion in the fracture was also investigated by gross examination. Results Through in vivo BMP2, COX2 gene expression significantly decreased. Sox9 significantly increased. Col2a1, Runx2, osterix gene expression also increased as well, but there was no statistical significance. The degree of unilateral fracture fusion investigated by gross examination was significantly faster than those of the other groups. Through in vitro the level of TNF-α in macrophages was increased by DG in a dose-dependent mannerand and 250 and 500 ㎍/mL showed statistical significance. Osteocalcin and Runx2 genes expressions increased when DG was treated in osteoblasts. Conclusions DG promotes the healing of the fracture through the expression of bone repair-related genes and TNF-α production. This study may set the foundation for the clinical application of DG to the patients with bone fractures.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.543-551
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• 2021

Nocardiopsis species produce bioactive compounds, such as antimicrobial and anti-cancer agents and toxins. However, no reports have described their anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects during nasal polyp (NP) formation. In this study, we investigated whether marine-derived bacterial Nocardiopsis sp. 13G027 exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced NP-derived fibroblasts (NPDFs). Nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) levels were analyzed. Extract from Nocardiopsis sp. 13G027 significantly inhibited the upregulation of NO and PGE₂ in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and protein kinase B (Akt/PKB) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages was evaluated; smooth muscle alpha-actin (α-SMA), collagen type I (Col-1), and fibronectin also phosphorylated small mothers against decapentaplegic (SMAD) 2 and 3 in TGF-β1-stimulated NPDFs. The Nocardiopsis sp. 13G027 extract suppressed the phosphorylation of MAPKs and Akt and the DNA-binding activity of activator protein 1 (AP-1). The expression of pro-fibrotic components such as α-SMA, Col-1, fibronectin, and SMAD2/3 was inhibited in TGF-β1-exposed NPDFs. These findings suggest that Nocardiopsis sp. 13G027 has the potential to treat inflammatory disorders, such as NP formation.

• 한국해양바이오학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.9-24
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• 2022

Low-molecular weight peptides derived from fish collagen exhibit several bioactivities, including antioxidant, antiwrinkle, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and antihypertension effects. These peptides are also involved in triglyceride suppression and memory improvement. This study aimed to investigate the optimal processing condition for preparing low-molecular weight peptides from flounder skin, and the properties of the hydrolysate. The optimal processing conditions for peptic hydrolysis were as follows: a ratio of pepsin to dried skin powder of 2% (w/w), pH of 2.0, and a temperature of 50℃. Peptic hydrolysate contains several low-molecular weight peptides below 300 Da. Gly-Pro-Hyp(GPHyp) peptide, a process control index, was detected only in peptic hydrolysate on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight(MALDI-TOF) spectrum. 2,2'-azinobis-(3-3-ethylbenzothiazolline-6- sulfonic acid(ABTS) radical scavenging activity of the peptic hydrolysate was comparable to that of 1 mM ascorbic acid, which was used as a positive control at pH 5.5, whereas collagenase inhibition was five times higher with the peptic hydrolysate than with 1 mM ascorbic acid at pH 7.5. However, the tyrosinase inhibition ability of the peptic hydrolysate was lower than that of arbutin, which was used as a positive control. The antibacterial effect of the peptic hydrolysate against Propionibacterium acne was not observed. These results suggest that the peptic hydrolysate derived from a flounder skin is a promising antiwrinkle agent that can be used in various food and cosmetic products to prevent wrinkles caused by ultraviolet radiations.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.231-244
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• 2023

Leucine-rich repeat containing 15 (LRRC15) has been identified as a contributing factor for cartilage damage in osteoarthritis; however, its involvement in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the underlying mechanisms have not been well characterized. The purpose of this study was to explore the function of LRRC15 in RA-associated fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLS) and in mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and to dissect the epigenetic mechanisms involved. LRRC15 was overexpressed in the synovial tissues of patients with RA, and LRRC15 overexpression was associated with increased proliferative, migratory, invasive, and angiogenic capacities of RA-FLS and accelerated release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. LRRC15 knockdown significantly inhibited synovial proliferation and reduced bone invasion and destruction in CIA mice. Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) transcriptionally represses LRRC15 by binding to core-binding factor subunit beta (CBF-β). Overexpression of RUNX1 significantly inhibited the invasive phenotype of RA-FLS and suppressed the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Conversely, the effects of RUNX1 were significantly reversed after overexpression of LRRC15 or inhibition of RUNX1-CBF-β interactions. Therefore, we demonstrated that RUNX1-mediated transcriptional repression of LRRC15 inhibited the development of RA, which may have therapeutic effects for RA patients.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2003

Type II collagen (CII), major component of hyaline cartilage, has been considered as an auto-antigen in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the clinical and biological significances with regard to the CII autoimmunity need to be clarified in human RA. The presence of antibodies to CII has been identified in sera, synovial fluid, and cartilage of patients with RA. In our study, the increased titer of IgG anti-CII in sera was well correlated with C-reactive protein, suggesting that this antibody may reflect the inflammatory status of RA. The titer of anti-CII antibodies (anti-CII Abs) tended to be higher in early stages of diseases. In our extending study, among 997 patients with RA, 269 (27.0%) were positive for circulatory IgG antibody to CII, those levels were fluctuated over time. It is hard to assess the significant amount of T cell responses to CII and CII (255~274) in RA. By using a sensitive method of antigen specific mixed lymphocyte culture, we can detect the presence of CII-reactive T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of RA patients. Sixty seven (46.9%) of 143 patients showed positive CII reactive T cell responses to CII or CII (255~274). The frequencies of CII reactive T cells were more prominent in inflamed synovial fluid (SF) than in peripheral blood. These T cells could be clonally expanded after consecutive stimulation of CII with feeding of autologous irradiated antigen presenting cells (APC). Moreover, the production of Th1-related cytokine, such as IFN-${\gamma}$, was strongly up-regulated by CII reactive T cells. These data suggest that T cells responding to CII, which are probably presenting the IFN-${\gamma}$ producing cells, may play an important role in the perpetuation of inflammatory process in RA. To evaluate the effector function of CII reactive T cells, we investigated the effect of CII reactive T cells and fibroblasts-like synoviocytes (FLS) interaction on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. When the CII reactive T cells were co-cultured with FLS, the production of IL-15 and TNF-${\alpha}$ from FLS were significantly increased (2 to 3 fold increase) and this increase was clearly presented in accord to the expansion of CII reactive T cells. In addition, the production of IFN-${\gamma}$ and IL-17, T cell derived cytokines, were also increased by the co-incubation of CII reactive T cells with FLS. We also examined the impact of CII reactive T cells on chemokines production. When FLS were co-cultured with CII stimulated T cells, the production of IL-8, MCP-1, and MIP-1${\alpha}$ were significantly enhanced. The increased production of these chemokines was strongly correlated with increase the frequency of CII reactive T cells. Conclusively, immune response to CII was frequently found in RA. Activated T cells in response to CII contributed to increase the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which were critical for inflammatory responses in RA. The interaction of CII-reactive T cells with FLS further augmented this phenomenon. Taken together, our recent studies have suggested that autoimmunity to CII could play a crucial role not only in the initiation but amplification/perpetuation of inflammatory process in human RA.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.29-50
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• 2016

Objectives There is few Korean medicinal studies about post-operation wound healing despite much effort for minimizing wound or post-op scar. The aim of this study is to evaluate the wound healing effect of Gyejibokryeong-hwan (Guizhifuling-wan, GBH) after skin suture. Methods < In vitro > We observed anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effect by using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 cells. For anti-oxidation, we mesured the total amount of polyphenol, flavonoid, DPPH scavenging ability, ABTS scavenging ability and the value of ROS production, and for anti-inflammation, we mesured the amount of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines ($TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6). < In vivo > Thirty SD rats were divided into five equal groups (n=6, one normal, two controls and two experimentals). All groups except normal group were made a scar (around $1{\times}4cm^2$) in the back by the depth of the fascia and then sutured by a thread and needle. Normal group rats received no treatment at all. Control group rats were fed distilled water, and positive control group rats were percutaneously applied terramycin once in 2 days. GBH 200 group rats were orally medicated GBH 200 mg/kg, and GBH 400 group rats were orally medicated GBH 400 mg/kg per day for two weeks. We analyzed the blood samples (WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil), and the serums (TIMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-2. $PGE_2$, $TGF-{\beta}$, VEGF), and examined the wounded skin tissue histopathologically. Results < in vitro > 1. DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity was increased concentration-dependantly, and ROS production was significantly increased in GBH treated cells ($100{\mu}g/ml$). Therefore in this study, Gyejibokryeong-hwan appears to have the anti-oxidative. 2. NO production was significantly reduced in GBH treated cells ($100{\mu}g/ml$), and $IL-1{\beta}$ production was significantly reduced in GBH treated cells ($1{\mu}g/ml$). But, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 did not show uneffective action. Therefore in this study, Gyejibokryeong-hwan did not show any significant effect on anti-inflammatory process. < in vivo > 1. Monocyte and neutrophil was significantly increased in GBH (200, 400) groups. WBC, lymphocyte and eosinophil did not show significant change. 2. TIMP-1, MMP-2, VEGF were significantly increased in GBH 400 group, $PGE_2$ was significantly reduced in GBH 400 group. $TGF-{\beta}$ was significantly increased in GBH (200, 400) groups, and MMP-9 was increased concentration-dependantly in GBH groups, but there was no significance. 3. In histopathological examinations, collagen was significantly increased and keratin was significantly decreased in GBH (200, 400) groups. Conclusions According to in vitro experiment, GBH appears to have the anti-oxidative effect and in vivo experiment, GBH stimulate the wound healing process hematologically and histopathologically. In conclusion, the results suggest that GBH promotes wound healing after skin suture.

• BMB Reports
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.323-328
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• 2020

Matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), a calcium-dependent zinccontaining collagenase, is involved in the initial degradation of native fibrillar collagen. Tissue necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is rapidly produced by dermal fibroblasts, monocytes/macrophages, and keratinocytes and regulates inflammation and damaged-tissue remodeling. MMP-1 is induced by TNFα and plays a critical role in tissue remodeling and skin aging processes. However, the regulation of the MMP1 gene by TNFα is not fully understood. We aimed to find additional cis-acting elements involved in the regulation of TNFα-induced MMP1 gene transcription in addition to the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 (AP1) sites. Assessments of the 5'-regulatory region of the MMP1 gene, using a series of deletion constructs, revealed the requirement of the early growth response protein 1 (EGR-1)-binding sequence (EBS) in the proximal region for proper transcription by TNFα. Ectopic expression of EGR-1, a zinc-finger transcription factor that binds to G-C rich sequences, stimulated MMP1 promoter activity. The silencing of EGR-1 by RNA interference reduced TNFα-induced MMP-1 expression. EGR-1 directly binds to the proximal region and transactivates the MMP1 gene promoter. Mutation of the EBS within the MMP1 promoter abolished EGR-1-mediated MMP-1 promoter activation. These data suggest that EGR-1 is required for TNFα-induced MMP1 transcriptional activation. In addition, we found that all three MAPKs, ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 kinase, mediate TNFα-induced MMP-1 expression via EGR-1 upregulation. These results suggest that EGR-1 may represent a good target for the development of pharmaceutical agents to reduce inflammation-induced MMP-1 expression.