• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.7
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• pp.211-227
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• 2002

The issue of children′s education is the most important issue for all households in Korea. It is certain that the issue of private education for children is the first issue among household′s issues. This study is to recognize the current pictures of household primate education of Korean households. Also, whether the expenditure of private education effect the economic will-being of household. The data for this study was"the 3th Korean Labor Panal", conducted by Lobor in Korea. The sample was 1950 households from the panel data. The results of this study was as following: 1. The mean of monthly private education expenditure was 149273won for all households and 217,100won for households with high school students. 2. Almost 70% households had economic burden for private education expenditure. 0% households had no economic burden. 3. The factors of influencing the level of economic burden for private education were mother′s education level, mother′s job, the number of children, living location, monthly income, total asset of household′s. The factors of influencing the amount of monthly private education expenditure positively were living in 4. The economic well-being of household was analyzed by socio-economic variables, household′s financial variables, monthly private education expenditure, the level of economic burden of private education. The economic well-being were sub-categorized 4 divisions; the level of economic problem, the level of satisfaction for household′s income, the level of satisfaction for general living, the level of subject economic condition)

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.85-92
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• 2022

In previous private education expenses were concentrated only on expenses for elementary, middle, and high school students. Therefore, it is difficult to understand the actual condition of preschool children's private education expenses. To solve this problem, we analyze the 2013 and 2020 data of the Korea Welfare Panel to confirm the private education expenditures of pre-school children. Also, we examine the differences and changes in private education expenditures according to household variables. We selected the household variable as the socio-demographic variable of the study subject. We defined the household variable as the area and income of the household. We show the actual results of private education expenses for household variables using frequency analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, t-test, and one-way ANOVA of SPSS 27.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.135-157
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of household income, education needs, private education expenses and expenditures of preparation for old age for mothers of school-aged children and to discover the causal relationships among these variables. The subjects in this study were gathered from among 393 mothers living in Daegu with school-aged children from 8 to 19 years old and with wage-earner husbands. The research tool was a questionnaires which addressed the general characteristics of the subjects, household income, the scale of education needs, the scale of private education expenditures, the scale of perceived burden of private education, and the scale of expenditures of preparation for old age. In order to analyze the study data, factor analysis, and regression analysis using SPSS were used, and structural path analysis using AMOS was used. The main results of this study were as follow: First, the greater the household income, the greater the education needs. Second, household income and education needs had no significant influences on private education expenditures. Third, education needs and private education expenditures turned out to have significant effects on the perceived burden of private education expenditures. Fourth, expenditures of preparation for old age among mothers of school-aged children was influenced by the education needs, private education expenditures and perceived burden of private education expenditures. The household income of mothers of school-aged children had no significant influence on private education expenditures. Finally, education needs, private education expenditures and perceived burden of private education expenditures for mothers of school-aged children had a direct effect on the expenditures of preparations for old age. On the other hand, in mediating education needs, household income of these mothers had an indirect effect on expenditures of preparations for old age. The perceived burden of private education expenditures turned out to have the biggest total effect on the preparations for old age of mothers with school-aged children.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.199-210
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• 1996

This study is planned to investigate a discussion of private and public nature in household realm. For this purpose, first of all, study precedent concerning the household work and the private and public nature is reviewed. Second, the origin on the privacy of household work and it's relationship of the public part are investigated. Third, it is implicated that through the politicization of household work, it is enable to establish new insight of household work in the family policy.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.1199-1212
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to examine how the mother's educational aspirations and household's characteristics have an effect on the likelihood of private educational expenditures and the amount of private educational expenditures. Factor analysis, probit and tobit analyses were used. The main findings can be summarized as the following: The mother's educational aspirations for intrinsic values is higher than for extrinsic values. The mother's educational aspirations for extrinsic values, household's assets, and residing in Seoul rather than residing in Incheon had significant positive effects on the likelihood of private educational expenditures. However, the child's birth order had a significant negative effect on the likelihood of private educational expenditures. The mother's educational aspirations for extrinsic values, the mother's education level, household's income, household's assets, and residing in Seoul rather than residing in Incheon had significant positive effects on the amount of private educational expenditures. However, the child's birth order had a significant negative effect on the amount of private educational expenditures. Findings from this study offer several implications. First, the mother's educational aspirations for extrinsic values rather than for intrinsic values has an effect on private educational expenditures. Unless the mother's educational aspirations have been changed to pursuing intrinsic values, the private educational expenditures cannot be reduced. Second, the polarization of the household's income and assets could bring about the polarization of private educational expenditures, which can lead to the intergenerational income polarization.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.137-150
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of the proporation of household expenditure item and the subjective burden of household due to the private educational expenses. The data used in this study included 761 housewives who have a child of the second grade or fourth grade of primary-school in Seoul. The findings of this study are as follows: First these six variables-educational level of mother household income place of residence grade of child number of child and the expected educational level of child-have significant effects on the private educational expenses. Second the proporation of food expense housing expense clothing expense and miscellaneous expense significantly differ with respect to the private educational expenses. Generally the proporation of household expenditure item and subjective burden are influenced more by the private educational expenses for school work than by the private educational expenses for talent.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.117-124
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• 2017

Current socio-demographic change that small households are increasing fast requires new business model in housing industry. Purpose of this study is to suggest a strategic direction to the private constructors by analyzing the condition of small household's housing and small-housing market in Seoul metropolitan area. With referring to literature and analyzing statistical raw data, it was found that residents of small household were residing in different type, scale and occupation of housing depending on their age, gender and region, and small housing market was at the beginning stage so that there was no dominant figure yet. Implications are as follows: private supplier should satisfy the needs of individual subgroups of small household, then should respond to the industrial change towards rental business, finally were suggested to launch a new brand of small housing.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.41 no.11
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• pp.151-169
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• 2003

This study is to investigate the important factor for household private education expenditure. Especially, this study analyzed the influence of financial management characteristics. For this, the income level is classified by comparative poverty and analyzed the influence power The data for this study was "the Korean Labor Panel" conducted by Korea Labor Institute in 2000. The result showed the demographic factors by the income level and financial characteristics have big difference. Also, income level affects private education expenditure. For lower income level, demographic factors affect more than financial factors. This result explained the private education expenditure as luxurious goods. For middle income level, financial factors affect more than demographic factors. This explained the private education expenditure as choice goods. For upper income level, the private education expenditure was explained as investment goods.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.31-56
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• 2020

Does financial development contribute to economic growth? The literature finds that an expansion in financial resources is useful for economic growth if the degree of financial development is under a certain threshold; otherwise, the expansion is detrimental to growth. Almost every published study, however, considers country-panel data. Accordingly, the results are not directly applicable to the Korean economy. By examining Korean time-series data, this paper finds that there is an inverse U-shaped relationship between the per capita real GDP growth rate and private credit (as a percentage of nominal GDP)-a well-known measure of quantitative financial development, where the threshold is 171.5%. This paper also finds that private credit is positively associated with economic growth if the share of household credit out of private credit is less than 46.9%; otherwise, private credit is negatively associated with economic growth. As of 2016, the ratio of private credit to GDP and the ratio of household credit to private credit are both higher than the corresponding thresholds, which implies that policymakers should place more emphasis on qualitative financial development than on a quantitative expansion of financial resources.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.429-446
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• 2017

The current study aims to identify factors associated with private tutoring of college students in Korea. For this purpose, this study used the Korean Education and Employment Panel survey, which contains items regarding whether or not college students receive private tutoring as well as the monthly costs of private lessons. The current study focuses on private English lessons due to the very low response rates of other types of private tutoring. For the analysis, the 5th wave of KEEP collected in 2008 was selected, and a Heckman selection model was employed, including three categories of variables: individual, school, and parent/household factors. The results have revealed that for the selection model (receiving private English tutoring or not), having received private lessons in high school, gender, and level of satisfaction regarding the respondent's current university were significant. In terms of the outcome model (cost for private English tutoring in college), university admission type (rolling vs. regular), living with parents, school type (4-yr university vs. others), being in debt to cover private lesson fees in high school, and monthly household income had significant effects. This article also discusses the results and implications for future research and policy makers.