• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.380-389
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• 2001

Non-human primates have been increasing in demand as important experimental animals and companion animals, domestically and internationally. The number of non-human primates for these purposes will be much enhanced in the near future. Despite this trend, basic physiological data are scarcely available in these animal species, leading to the difficulty to diagnose diseases when necessary, due to the absence of reference values. Particularly, there is not any report on the total activity of LDH of non-human primates, let alone LDH isoenzyme patterns, in Korea. LDH isoenzymes have a high level of efficaciousness as diagnostic and prognostic aids in various diseases. In this study, total activities and isoenzyme patterns of LDH were measured to obtain their reference values in domestically reared common marmosets, crab-eating macaques and Japanese macaques. There were widespread different values of serum total LDH among the non-human primate species experimented in this study. Serum LDH values of common marmosets and crab-eating macaques were 597.5$\pm$243.1 IU/l and 605.3$\pm$312.6 IU/l, respectively, whereas those of Japanese macaque showed 1,209$\pm$473.8 IU/l. Five isoenzyme fractions of LDH were observed in all experimented non-human primates but their ranks and proportions represented different patterns one another. In common marmosets, the percent of fraction for serum LDH1, LDH$_2$, LDH$_3$, LDH$_4$, and LDH$_{5}$ was 13.7$\pm$6.4%, 23.3$\pm$3.6%, 29.2$\pm$5.0%, 9.4$\pm$1.4% and 24.4$\pm$7.5%, respectively. The rank of LDH isoenzymes was LDH$_3$>LDH$_{5}$>LDH$_2$>LDH$_1$>LDH$_4$, in the descending order. For crab-eating macaques, the fraction of serum LDH$_1$, LDH$_2$, LDH$_3$, LDH$_4$, and LDH$_{5}$ occupied 19.5$\pm$12.7%, 25.3$\pm$9.3%, 23.8$\pm$8.1%, 10.2$\pm$2.8% and 21.3$\pm$14.2%, respectively. The order of LDH isoenzymes was LDH$_2$>LDH$_3$>LDH$_{5}$>LDH$_1$>LDH$_4$, from top to down. On the while, in Japanese macaques, the fraction of serum LDH$_1$ to LDH$_{5}$ showed 23.4$\pm$11.8%, 30.5$\pm$4.1%, 17.4$\pm$3.9%, 11.3$\pm$3.7% and 13.8$\pm$5.6%, respectively. The decreasing order indicated LDH$_2$>LDH$_1$>LDH$_3$>LDH$_{5}$>LDH$_4$. In conclusion, values such as LDH and LDH isoenzyme patterns of investigated for the first time from non-human primates reaared in Korea, could be reference values for the optimal diagnosis and therapy of diseases of the corresponding animal species. Other parameters of hematology and blood biochemistry are urgently needed to study for the benefit of our intimate non-human primates.an primates.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.390-396
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• 2001

CKP isoenzymes have a high level of efficaciousness as diagnostic and prognostic aids in various diseases. There is not any report on the total activity of CPK of non-human primates, let alone CPK isoenzyme patterns, in Korea. In this study, total activities and isoenzyme patterns of CPK were measured to obtain their reference values in domestically reared common marmosets, crab-eating macaques and Japanese macaques. We observed remarkable different values of serum total CPK from the primates used in this experiment. Serum CPK activities of Japanese macaques and crab-eating macaques were 275.8$\pm$158.1 IU/l and 396.7$\pm$697.4 IU/l, respectively, whereas those of common marmosets showed much higher value of 618.8$\pm$1,117.6 IU/l. In all common marmosets and crab-eating macaques, only CPK$_3$ ws observed. In five out of eight Japanese macaques, CPK$_3$ was the sole fraction but two animals showed CPK$_1$ and CPK$_3$ isoenzymes, and the remaining one had CPK$_2$ and CPK$_3$ fractions. There were some discrepancies in the pattern and ratio of isoenzyme fractions in Japanese macaques. In conclusion, values such as CPK and CPK isoenzyme patterns of investigated for the first time form non-human primates reared in Korea, could be reference values for the optimal diagnosis and therapy diseases of the corresponding animal species.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.676-681
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• 2002

Gibbons are called lesser apes and classified hominoidae, catarrhini, anthropoidea, primates. They are successfully speciated with 12 species, 4 generas, in tropical forest of Southeast Asia. Ten species among them are endangered. Compared to other primates, gibbons are highly endangered. However, we do not know exact geographical distributions of gibbons and their subspecies numbers. Therefore further investigations are needed for lesser apes. It is of great important to know exact phylogenetic relationships with the information of distribution and identification of gibbon species in order to understand speciation and conservation of gibbons.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 2015

Animal shoulder models are important in the investigation of the natural history of various pathologic conditions and for evaluation of the effectiveness of different treatments and biomaterials. The characteristics of animal shoulder models that may be used for rotator cuff related experiments are different with regard to the anatomy, behavioral pattern, advantages and disadvantages in application to each other. The lower primates and all the non-primate species, except the tree kangaroo, were neither functional overhead nor had a true rotator cuff. Utilizing more advanced primates, or perhaps even the tree kangaroo would be ideal and the most relevant to man as they possess a true rotator cuff. However, ethical concerns, costs, and many limitations in obtaining primates generally preclude the use of these animals for such research. Finally we should consider the differences in comparative anatomy and behavioral pattern of each animal model during performance or interpretation of rotator cuff experiments.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.314-316
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• 2008

Acute gastric dilatation (AGD), one of the common causes of emergency occurs in macaca monkeys that are accommodated as laboratory-housed nonhuman primates. This report introduces some cases of occurrence in raising primates. The primates revealed an acute gastric dilatation, including the histories that were trained by monkey chair, anesthetized for the study or intact case. The clinical signs were comatose condition with sever abdominal distension, dehydration, cyanosis and apnea. One case died by deterioration of systemic body condition and performed necropsy. The other cases recovered from the AGD by the emergency treatment using the gastric tube and fluid therapy. Necropsy revealed the huge stomach filled with water, gas and ingesta. This report suggests that etiologic factors of AGD may include non-specific factors like these cases, with special emphasis on the incidence and management of AGD in nonhuman primates.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2008

We characterized the human endogenous retrovirus (HERV-W) family in humans and primates. In silico expression data indicated that 22 complete HERV-W families from human chromosomes 1-3, 5-8, 10-12, 15, 19, and X are randomly expressed in various tissues. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis of the HERV-W env gene derived from human chromosome 7q21.2 indicated predominant expression in the human placenta. Several copies of repeat sequences (SINE, LINE, LTR, simple repeat) were detected within the complete or processed pseudo HERV-W of the human, chimpanzee, and rhesus monkey. Compared to other regions (5'LTR, Gag, Gag-Pol, Env, 3'LTR), the repeat family has been mainly integrated into the region spanning the 5'LTRs of Gag (1398 bp) and Pol (3242 bp). FISH detected the HERV-W probe (fosWE1) derived from a gorilla fosmid library in the metaphase chromosomes of all primates (five hominoids, three Old World monkeys, two New World monkeys, and one prosimian), but not in Tupaia. This finding was supported by molecular clock and phylogeny data using the divergence values of the complete HERV-W LTR elements. The data suggested that the HERV-W family was integrated into the primate genome approximately 63 million years (Myr) ago, and evolved independently during the course of primate radiation.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.37-39
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• 2000

Testis-specific protein Y(TSPY) is thought to play an important role during spermatogenesis in primates. The Arg and Lys-rich region of TSPY was implicated as a potential DNA binding site in the human and Japanese monkey. In the study, we investigated this further through looking at the putative amino acid sequences of Arg and Lys-rich region of TSPY gene from seven species of gibbons, five species of Old World monkeys and five species of New World monkeys. A comparison with those of the human and Japanese monkey revealed that the Arg and Lys-rich motif was hightly conserved in various primates. This finding suggests that a possible role for the Arg and Lys-rich motif in primate TSPY is DNA recognition. The functional implications for TSPY are discussed in the light of this and previous findings.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1979

Detailed human gross anatomic structures have been characterized. No similar data are available in nonhuman primate species in spite of close phylogenic similarity found between man and nonhuman primates. The ever increasing incidence of lung cancer and air pollution related respiratory ailments found in man emphasizes the need for an ideal animal model for studying pathogenesis of these various human pulmonary diseases. Thus, detailed investigation of pulmonary structures found in various species of nonhuman primates is warranted. For determining primate gross pulmonary anatomic structure, published works concerning the number of tracheal cartilage, angle of tracheal bifurcation, caliber of trachea, lung lobe and bifurcation position of trachea recorded for several species of nonhuman pimates, were reviewed. Limited information is available concerning the number of tracheal cartilage, width of tracheal cartilage, angle of bronchus, caliber of trachea and bronchus, and the bifurcation position of the trachea including the length of bronchus on nonhuman primates. Since scanty data have been gathered with no specific reference to their age, sex and body weight, they have no comparative values.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.132-138
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• 2002

Non-human primates are widely used for experimental animal and raised as companion animal in Korea. To establish the electrocadiogram (ECG) of non-human primates that are domestically raised, the author measured bipolar limb leads and augmented unipolar limb leads, after tiletamine/zolazepam (TZ) injection as sedative agents. The amplitudes of P,Q, R,S and T wave and duration time of P wave, QRS complex, PR and QT interval in each lead of ECG were evaluated in 7 non-human primates at 15 minutes after TZ injection, respectively. The amplitude of P wave in I, II,III, aVR, aVL and aVF leads revealed 0.06$\pm$ 0.05,0.14$\pm$ 0.05, 0.1 $\pm$ 0.05,-0.11 $\pm$ 0.06,-0.04$\pm$ 0.04 and 0.12$\pm$ 0.05 mV respectively. The amplitude of Q wave revealed -0.16$\pm$ 0.15, -0.23$\pm$ 0.18, -0.17$\pm$ 0.13, 0.16$\pm$0.13, 0.04$\pm$ 0.09 and -0.2$\pm$0.13 mV, respectively. The amplitude of R wave revealed 0.56$\pm$0.56, 1.24$\pm$ 0.67, 0.92$\pm$0.33, -0.37$\pm$ 1.14, -0.22$\pm$ 0.47 and 1.12 $\pm$ 0.47 mV, respectively. The amplitude of S wave revealed -0.02$\pm$ 0.08, -0.04$\pm$0.06, -0.06$\pm$0.04, 0.02$\pm$0.04, 0.04$\pm$0.09 and -0.04 $\pm$ 0.06 mV, respectively. The amplitude of T wave revealed -0.01 $\pm$ 0.15,-0.02$\pm$ 0.13, 0.01 $\pm$ 0.08, 0.02$\pm$ 0.12, 0.01 $\pm$ 0.11 and -0.03$\pm$ 0.09 mV, respectively. The duration time of P wave revealed 0.05 $\pm$ 0.01, 0.04$\pm$ 0.01, 0.05$\pm$ 0.02, 0.05 $\pm$ 0.02, 0.04$\pm$ 0.01 and 0.04$\pm$ 0.01 sec, respectively. The duration time of QRS complex revealed 0.05 $\pm$ 0.02,0.05$\pm$ 0.01, 0.05 $\pm$ 0.01, 0.04$\pm$ 0.01, 0.05$\pm$ 0.01 and 0.05 $\pm$ 0.01 sec, respectively. The duration time of PR interval revealed 0.08$\pm$ 0.01, 0.07$\pm$0.01,0.08$\pm$ 0.03, 0.08$\pm$0.01, 0.08$\pm$ 0.01 and 0.08$\pm$0.01 sec, respectively. The duration time of QT interval revealed 0.23$\pm$ 0.06, 0.22$\pm$ 0.05, 0.23 $\pm$ 0.06, 0.23$\pm$ 0.06, 0.24$\pm$ 0.05 and 0.22$\pm$ 0.02 sec, respectively. No significant changes were observed in e amplitude of P and T waves. The amplitude of QRS complex in ketamine group was higher than that of TZ group. However, no significant changes were observed in both intra-group and inter-group. There were no significant changes in the duration time of P wave, QRS complex and PR interval obtained from both groups. Also, the duration time of QT interval in TZ group was significantly longer at 30 min.(P< 0.05) an that of 10 minutes after injection. However, significant difference was not found between two groups. The mean cardiac electric axis in ketamine group tended to decrease until 30 min. after injection and then gradually increase. However, mean cardiac electric axis of TZ group was increased until 30 min. after injection and then decreased. But significant differences were not observed between groups. These results suggest that the ECG pattern after TZ injection to non-human primates reared in korea was established. It was also considered that the injection of ketamine and TZ didn't significantly affect on ECG pattern of the non-human primates.

• 대한생식의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1996.11a
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• pp.65-66
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• 1996