• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.41
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• pp.59.1-59.10
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• 2019

Background: Primary rhinoplasty outcomes may not meet individual expectations. Consequently, reoperation may be advocated to improve results. This study examines the prevalence of individuals considering revision rhinoplasty, while identifying the main cosmetic and functional complaints and factors associated. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in Saudi Arabia using a self-reported online questionnaire distributed through social media channels. The sample included 1370 participants who were all Saudi nationals over the age of 16 who had undergone primary rhinoplasty at least 1 year prior. Results: The prevalence of individuals considering revision rhinoplasty was 44.7%. The primary reason for considering it was the desire for further esthetic improvement in an already acceptable result (50.16%). The most common cosmetic complaints subjectively reported were poorly defined nasal tip (32.35%). The most prevalent nasal function symptom was nasal obstruction (56.9%). Significant factors associated with considering revision rhinoplasty included the physician not understanding the patient's complaints, short consultation time, low monthly income, inadequate information about the expected results, not using computer imaging to predict outcomes, lack of rapport with the surgeon, and inadequate information about the risks and complications. Conclusions: A thorough understanding of patient concerns and expectations, as well as thoughtful consideration of risk factors, may help surgeons achieve more successful outcomes and potentially reduce the incidence of revision rhinoplasties. Level of evidence: III.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.211-222
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• 2012

21C future learners are required to have creative thinking and problem-solving capability to address an issue wisely by integrating and applying knowledge and functions. The robot education that has recently been studied in primary and secondary schools was reported to be effective in satisfying the requirements. The robot education varies ranging from the existing after-school education to an integrated approach used for regular curriculums, and has actively been studied. Nevertheless, aside from positive study results, any studies on the environment where primary school students can learn robot and programming knowledge more friendly is still insufficient. Therefore, this study was intended to give students a robot class with the use of storytelling friendly to students in order for primary school students to learn robot and programming knowledge with ease. The study result showed that acquirement of programming knowledge was improved, and that the students had a positive learning attitude. In addition, it was found that the storytelling of the robot class helped provide the entire learning context and continuous learning motivation for the students.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.34 no.5A
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• pp.429-435
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• 2009

Cooperative spectrum sensing allows secondary users of a cognitive radio(CR) network to collaborate to determine whether a primary user occupies the spectrum of interest or not. It usually performs spectrum sensing by combining the individual decisions of each second user into a final one and the k-out-of-n fusion rule is a general approach for decision fusion. This rule declares that the spectrum is occupied only when the decisions from more than k-1 secondary users indicate the presence of a primary user. In this paper, we analyze a cooperative spectrum sensing scheme with the fusion rule under the constraint that its detection probability is maintained to be no less than a given level and its numerical results for the case of a CR network with 10 secondary users.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.109-121
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to find out primary policies for reducing PM(particulate matter) as well as for improving the quality of life. Serious particulate matters cause to diverse healthcare and economy problems including business transactions. Unfortunately, until recently there are very few researches regarding the decision-making process for particulate matter policies. This study has applied the AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) method to develop cooperative policy making processes. The upper layer of this hierarchy analysis consists of four parts, i.e., transportation, production facility, living environment, and urban planning management. And each upper layer parts has their own three policies. 25 experts including policy-makers, academic researchers and industrial specialists have decided the primary policies and directions. The most significant PM policy is the mandatory reduction of air pollution and suspension of factory operation in the production industry. The results of this study can lead to guidelines for making environmental policies.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.434-442
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• 2015

The purpose of this review was to survey the Korean Medicine related papers about women with primary dysmenorrhea in order to develop the clinical protocol of the diagnostic medical device. We searched the literature from 2000 through April 2015 using 5 online databases including Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated Sysptem (OASIS), Research Information Sharing Service (RISS), DataBase Periodical Information Academic (DBpia) and Korean Medical Database (KMBase). We selected papers to meet the following inclusion criteria: the papers involved dysmenorrhea (excluding secondary dysmenorrhea), published papers (excluding textbook, educational materials, conferences, etc.) and the papers matched search keywords or scope, but excluded papers to meet the following exclusion criteria: the duplicative papers, get out of the keywords and scope and not in english or korean language. Finally we found 17 papers and classified the papers according to the three search purposes which were diagnostic tools for evaluating the menstrual pain, dysmenorrhea' pattern identification and menstrual phase. Out of the 16 studies, 4 studies were focused on the diagnostic tools including Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Measurement of Menstrual Pain (MMP) and etc. Other 5 studies were aimed at menstrual phase, and the other 7 studies were studied for pattern identification. The VAS has been widely used in research and in clinical practice for the detection of the menstrual pain. Treatments for patients with primary dysmenorrhea can be prescribed in consideration of their patterns of sasang constitution or body constitution as following: Qi stagnation-Blood deficiency, cold dampness, Qi deficiency-blood deficiency and liver-kidney deficiency etc. This results of research will be used as a useful material during plan a clinical study of primary dysmenorrhea and acquisition of good clinical data.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.267-274
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to identify a relationship between the time taken and the characteristics of touch key for touch-screen-based in-vehicle information system (IVIS) and to suggest a new Fitts' law formula that is added a driving speed parameter. Many studies already have shown that Fitts' law is well fitted in various devices for primary tasks, but there is no study of Fitts' law for secondary task in dual-task situation. Fitts' law may not be applied to the secondary task as it is, because the secondary task performance can be affected by the amount of attention for the primary task. To verify this, we carried out an experiment that showed whether pointing task to touch-screen-based IVIS during driving is affected by driving speeds or not. In the experiment, 30 people were volunteered for participants and the participants carried out driving task and pointing task on the screen of IVIS simultaneously. We measured the time to point a touch key on IVIS for every condition (3 driving speeds${\times}5$ touch key sizes${\times}7$ distances between steering wheel and touch key). As a result, there was an effect of driving speed on the pointing time. As we extended the index of difficulty of the conventional Fitts' law formula by incorporating driving speed, we established an extended Fitts' law formula for pointing on IVIS, which showed better accordance with dual task situation. This study can be evidence that secondary task performance is affected by degree of concentration on primary task, and the extended Fitts' law formula can be useful to design interfaces of IVIS.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.32 no.10A
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• pp.1057-1064
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• 2007

Cognitive radio(CR) technique which utilizes empty frequency bands allocated to private business but not being used temporally has been researched. According to the standard, CR users detect the primary user using the same channel, CR users should move to the another channel to guarantee the primary user's decodability. Thus, CR systems cannot use the same channel and support the CR user's QoS(Quality of Service) during the channel moving time. In this paper, we propose a radio resource sharing method that CR basestation controls the transmission power with the primary user's SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio) to increase the spectral efficiency of area and to minimize the outage of CR users. In addition, computer simulation demonstrates show that the proposed method improved spectral efficiency of area and decreased outage probability of CR users.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.36 no.12B
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• pp.1623-1635
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• 2011

Fourth-generation (4G) cellular communication systems must provide different quality-of-service (QoS) to users according to the service type, membership class, and usage case of each user. For the purpose of user's QoS differentiation, we propose an enhanced uplink random access scheme for bandwidth request. More specifically, we divide a bandwidth request channel into two parts: One is a primary region and the other is a secondary region. Then, each region has a unique minimum access class that allows only specific users to perform random access through that region. By doing so, we can reduce collision probability and increase the success probability of bandwidth request. From the perspective of standardization, we presented this scheme in the IEEE 802.16m Session #66 held on March 2010. As a result, the concept of the proposed scheme and required messages were defined in the 802.16m standard.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.2891-2898
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• 2014

It is feasible to develop a fault tolerant system through module level redundancy on the Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA). However, its great implementation complexity is one of important challenges when asynchronous hardware environment is naturally assumed. To solve this problem, Physically Asynchronous Logically Synchronous (PALS) on IMA has been proposed. But, it has adaptation problem by not addressing specific architecture for IMA system. In the paper, we propose how to synchronize the input data on the IMA system under primary/secondary redundancy architecture by referring to existing PALS. In the proposed scheme, we introduce window frame by considering rate monotonic scheduling and analyze the adequate the synchronization time. Finally, we verify the feasibility of the proposed design pattern through the systematic experiments.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.35 no.1A
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• pp.87-94
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• 2010

It is widely known that cooperative spectrum sensing in which secondary users scattered in some region collaborate to detect primary users can significantly reduce the performance degradation due to the fading phenomenon. Most of previous works on cooperative spectrum sensing are based on the assumption that the local spectrum sensing decisions of secondary users are statistically independent. However, there can be practically some statistical correlation between the local decisions of any two secondary users in close proximity, which is caused by shadowing effect. In order to evaluate the effect of this correlation on the performance of collaborative spectrum sensing, we assumed that, for the case that a primary user are active in the spectrum of interest, any two local decisions are statistically correlated to each other with some level of constant correlation and independent otherwise, and analyzed the achievable throughput with the degree of correlation varying. The results showed that, as the degree of correlation gets higher, the throughput increases for the case of the AND fusion rule and decreases for the OR fusion rule.