• 한국경영과학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2000

Many studies in marketing and economics have attempted to model price and sales path under the dynamic diffusion process. Most of these models have been based on a fixed product lifetime. The current business climate requiring intensive development of new products however affects the diffusion of new products and their lifetime. Many products have not enjoyed the expected life cycle at the launching stage due to intense technical development competitive reactions, and financial problems. Most diffusion models however have not taken account of the lifetime uncertainty of new product. If the products do not last over the planning horizon set by those models. the optimal price derived from them could be futile. Therefore we had better take such lifetime uncertainty into consideration when developing diffusion models, In this paper we study the impact of uncertain product lifetime on its optimal pricing path in non-competitive market. We develop an optimal pricing model under uncertain product lifetimes and conduct a simulation study to investigate their effects on the optimal pricing and corresponding sales paths. The simulation study provides some interesting findings on optimal pricing policy under uncertain product lifetime. This study could be a stepping stone for the further extended study of optimal pricing strategy with uncertain product lifetime.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회 논문집 전력기술부문
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• pp.58-61
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• 2001

Under restructuring, not only real power pricing but also reactive power pricing is important for the system operation Especially, making a reasonable reactive power pricing is becoming more important than any other time. In this paper, the authors set a proper power factor and price the portion of the reactive power generation that exceeds the power factor. To apply this method to an optimization problem, we developed optimal power flow based on interior point method. By using this IPM for the power system, the System operator can use this strategy for reactive power generation pricing and also the Generators can got the motivation to generate reactive power.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제12권9호
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• pp.4166-4182
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• 2018

We consider the Device-to-Device (D2D) communications in cellular networks where each cellular user (CU) shares the same resource with multiple D2D users (DUs). In this paper, we aim to maximize the energy efficiency (EE) of the D2D networks, subject to an interference constraint required by the CU. Since the cellular and D2D communications belong to different networks, we consider to incentivize base station (BS) while assisting the DUs. To this end, we propose a Stackelberg game based interference pricing framework for the considered D2D communications in cellular networks. Unlike most of the existing methods, we use interference pricing framework to jointly address the EE resource allocation problem and the interference management in our networks rather than only improve the EE of the DUs or protect cellular networks. In particular, BS and all the users do not need all channel state information, which is more realistic in practice. In addition, two different pricing strategies are also proposed. Based on the two strategies, we analyze the equilibrium of the game. Moreover, in the first strategy, the upper and lower boundaries of the interference price are obtained. The closed-form expression is gained with a backward induction for the second strategy. Both offer valuable insights to the considered scenarios. Finally, compared with the existing work, the EE of the D2D communications is significantly improved. The advantageous performance of our scheme are demonstrated by the simulation results.

• 복식
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.53-64
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• 2004

The study was done to provide domestic fashion multi-shops with basic information about the product and price strategies through an investigation the marketing strategies for domestic multi-shop dealt with imported product only. Data were collected from Interview with a buyer or a staff of marketing department of Domestic Fashion Multi-shop dealt with Imported Product only. Through the study, it was clarified that these multi-shops showed a tendency to compose of promising brands. brands set a high value on unique character or technique, and brands of promising designer noticed at the main collection. And they also extended their lines as a total life style shop dealt with accessory. shoes and home collection as well as clothing. Therefore, they had to analyze their target consumer's life style and applied this to organization of product, brands or sizing. To maintain the balance of multi-shop they bought products keeping the balance between all the brands and didn't lose variety of concept, it was demanded to develop new brands as well. Their distribution channels had to be planned by regional characteristic that could be accepted their target consumers.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제63권8호
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• pp.1025-1032
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• 2014

The effective energy management method will provide the significant advantage to the residential customers under real time pricing plan since it can reduce the electricity charge by controlling the energy consumption according to electricity rate. The earlier studies for load management mainly aim to minimize the electricity charges and peak power but put a less emphasis on the human comfort dwelling in the residence. The discomfort and displeasure from the energy management only focusing on reduction of electricity charge will make the residential customer reluctant to enroll the real time pricing plan. In this paper, therefore, we propose optimal load control strategy which aim to achieve not only minimizing the electricity charges but also maintaining human comfort by introducing "the human comfort coefficient." Using the human comfort coefficient, the energy management system can reflect the various human personality and control the loads within the range that the human comfort is maintained. Simulation results show that proposed load control strategy leads to significant reduction in the electricity charges and peak power in comparison with the conventional load management method.

• 한국경영과학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.153-171
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• 2002

In this paper, we present an efficient pricing strategy, the pivot and probe Algorithm for Network Flow Problems(PAPANET), specifically for solving capacitated, linear network flow problem (NPs). The PAPANET begins with an initial relaxed network problem(RNP), consisting of all the nodes and initial candidate arcs(possibly a few least cost arcs form the original problem and a set of all the artificial and slack arcs). After an initial solution to the RNP is derived by pivoting, the PROBE procedure identifies a set of most violated arcs from the noncandidate arcs that are not considered to be in the current RNP, and adds them to the RNP. The procedure also discards a set of least favorable, zero flow, nonbasic arcs from the RNP. The new RNP is solved to optimality and the procedure continues until all of the dual constraints of the noncandidate arcs are satisfied by the dual solution to the RNP. The PAPANET effectively reduces the problem size, time per pivot, and solution CPU time by eliminating noncandidate arcs. Computational tests on randomly generated problems indicate that PAPANET achieves and average savings of 50-80% of the solution CPU time of that of a comparable standard network simplex implementation.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.146-153
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 연속시간 M/M/1 대기행렬 시스템에서 고객들의 평형행동과 서버의 최적 가격책정 전략에 대해 다룬다. 본 연구에서는 두가지 유형의 가격지불 모형을 고려한다. 첫 번째로, 정액지불 모형은 고객의 시스템 내 체류시간에 관계없이 고정된 요금을 부과한다. 두 번째로, 정률지불 모형은 고객의 시스템 내 체류시간에 비례하여 요금을 부과한다. 각 지불 모형에서 시스템을 이탈하는 고객의 보상은 체류시간에 반비례한다. 본 연구는 각 가격지불 모형에서 단위시간당 서버의 기대수익을 최대화하기 위한 가격책정 전략과 그 전략에 따른 고객의 시스템 입장행동에 대해 분석한다. 마지막으로 수치예제를 통해 정액지불 모형과 정률지불 모형을 비교분석하고, 서버측면에서 어떤 가격지불 모형을 선택해야하는 지를 살펴본다.

• STI Policy Review
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2010

This paper makes the case that a new policy strategy to enhance a global green recovery is needed urgently. The new strategy requires two essential elements. First, G20 economies should follow the lead of South Korea and China and turn their green stimulus investments into a serious long-term commitment, and to support these investments, they should adopt environmental pricing policies and instigate pricing and regulatory reforms to reduce carbon dependency. Second, the G20 also needs to target and coordinate assistance to developing economies in science, technology and innovation (STI) for clean energy. Such assistance is essential to help developing economies to overcome the skills, technological and capital gap that they face in clean energy technologies over the long term. Reform of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is also necessary to establish a long-term global price signal for carbon, and to increase the coverage of developing economies, the sectors and technologies and the overall financing of clean energy projects. Formulating such a policy strategy should appeal to both the Asian-Pacific and Western economies comprising the G20, and by working together to formulate such a strategy, the G20 could lead the way toward a new era of global economic management and STI cooperation in clean energy.

• 경영과정보연구
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• 제3권
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• pp.257-285
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• 1999

Korea Postal Service(KPS) nowadays lies in competitive environment with alternative business such as door-to-door delivery service. Customers began to complain about postal service quality and ask the government to reform a public firm through management innovation. But, Korea Postal Service has not met the break-even point between it's revenue and expenditure because the service is under the government system and cannot independently make major decisions on products, pricing, services, personnel management, financial policies and etc. The objective of this study is to provide marketing planners and practitioners with some guidelines when they establish marketing strategies and to help marketers on theories and practical instructions about postal service marketing when they interact with customers. I. A field survey on both customer satisfaction and internal staff satisfaction was conducted to get some ideas for the marketing strategy planning. II. Practical guidelines and instructions were made for marketers to communicate with customers in various areas such as pricing, product, service demand, marketing channel, promotion, and etc. III. Some suggestions on marketing policies for planners and mangers in the marketing strategy were described including personnel resource as well as physical resource. IV. Special issues on small packet market and direct mail market were discussed and some alternative solutions were proposed. V. Database marketing strategy was emphasized to get new business opportunities such as direct mail, and to provide differential services to customers as much as their contribution into the profitability for KPS. VI. Cyber Post Office should be constructed on Internet to provide new services which are combined with physical material flow and information technologies.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.610-618
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• 2016

A green cognitive radio network (CRN), characterized by base stations (BSs) that conserve energy during sleep periods, is a promising candidate for realizing more efficient spectrum allocation. To improve the spectrum efficiency and achieve greener communication in wireless applications, we consider CRNs with an long term evolution advanced (LTE-A) structure and propose a novel energy-saving strategy. By establishing a type of preemptive priority queueing model with a single vacation, we capture the stochastic behavior of the proposed strategy. Using the method of matrix geometric solutions, we derive the performance measures in terms of the average latency of secondary user (SU) packets and the energy-saving degree of BSs. Furthermore, we provide numerical results to demonstrate the influence of the sleeping parameter on the system performance. Finally, we compare the Nash equilibrium behavior and social optimization behavior of the proposed strategy to present a pricing policy for SU packets.