• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.248-254
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• 2007

Purpose : Inflammation plays a major role in the pathogenesis of RDS and BPD in the immature lung. We investigated the possible role of IL-10 and IL-12 in the cord blood of preterm newborns with RDS or BPD. Methods : Forty preterm newborns whose mothers received antenatal care at Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital between January 2003 to June 2005, and agreed to testing their cord blood samples were enrolled. The gestational ages were below 34 weeks. Cord blood level of IL-10 and IL-12 were determined by ELISA. We separated the patients into 2 groups (RDS group and non-RDS group, BPD group and non-BPD group) and compared the cytokine levels and clinical records of the groups. Results : Cord blood IL-10 level showed a significant inverse correlation with gestational age and birth weight (P=0.001, P=0.005). Preterm infants with RDS showed higher IL-10 level (1.0 vs 0.1 pg/mL; P=0.001) in the cord blood than those without RDS. The differences remained statistically significant after correction for the effect of gestational age between both preterm groups. Despite similar cord blood IL-10 levels, preterm infants with BPD showed no significant difference with those without BPD. Conclusion : Cord blood IL-10 levels are increased in preterm infants which may be due to the immuno-suppression occurring during pregnancy and to fetal immaturity because these levels are inversely correlated with the gestational age. So, Cord blood IL-10 level can be used as the predictor of RDS.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.31-40
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• 2019

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare the difference between preterm infants and toddlers (PT) and full-term infant and toddler (FT) of sensory processing ability, feeding as well as investigate the correlation of sensory processing ability with feeding of preterm infants and toddlers. Methods : The subjects of a study were 107 including 51 PT and 56 FT. Infant/Toddler Sensory Profile 2 (ITSP 2) was used to assess sensory processing ability. The Behavioral Pediatrics Feeding Assessment (BPFAS) was used to assess feeding behavior. The collected data were analyzed by using SPSS 21.0. Independent sample t-test was used in order to compare the difference between PT group and FT group. Pearson correlation analysis was used in order to investigate the correlation of sensory processing ability with feeding of preterm infants and toddlers. Results : There was a significant difference in sensory sensitivity and oral sensory processing between with PT group and FT group (p<0.05). There was a significant difference in feeding behavior between with PT group and FT group (p<.05). In PT group, there are positive correlations of sensory avoidance (r=.443) and sensory sensitivity (r=.374) with feeding frequency. General behavior (r=.390) and oral sensory processing (r=.513) showed a positive correlation with feeding frequency. In addition, oral sensory processing (r=.529) showed a positive correlation with feeding problem. Conclusion : It is proved that the interrelationship of sensory processing ability with feeding and of preterm infants and toddlers. And it is meaningful to recognize significance of sensory processing characteristics to comprehend feeding and of preterm infants and toddlers.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.90-97
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a breastfeeding support program (BSP) on the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and growth in late-preterm infants. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted. The participants were 40 late preterm infants (LPIs), of whom 20 were assigned to the experimental group and 20 to the control group. For the mothers in the experimental group, a BSP was provided prior to the LPIs' discharge and reinforced once a week for 4 weeks. Information on the feeding type was collected by observation and the LPIs' body weight was measured. Results: There were significant differences in feeding type by group and time. Exclusive breastfeeding was 5.18 times more common in the experimental group than in the control group (odds ratio=5.18, 95% confidence interval=1.11~16.70). However, weekly weight gain did not show a significant relationship with group and time (F=0.40, p=.712). Conclusion: The BSP was helpful for increasing the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in LPIs. Furthermore, the LPIs in the experimental group, which had a higher likelihood of being exclusively breastfed, showed an equivalent amount of weight gain as the LPIs in the control group, in which infants were more likely to be formula-fed.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify breastfeeding practice with late preterm infants (LPIs), and to determine predictors of exclusive breastfeeding at the 12th week after discharge. Methods: The participants were 106 mothers of LPIs hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units at two university hospitals. Data were collected between February and October, 2013. Questionnaires included characteristics of LPIs, their mothers, and feeding-related characteristics. Feeding methods were exclusive breastfeeding, mixed feeding, and formula feeding. Results: Exclusive breastfeeding steadily increased from 5.7% at the 1st week to 19.8% at the 12th week, as did formula feeding from 27.3% to 67.9%. Contrarily, mixed feeding decreased from 67.0% at the 1st week to 12.3% at the 12th week. The ratio of formula feeding was higher than that of exclusive breastfeeding over time. Predictors for exclusive breastfeeding were the following: type of delivery (OR=2.96, 95%CI=1.07-8.14), feeding intolerance (OR=3.03, 95%CI=1.26-7.25) and feeding method during hospitalization (OR=7.84, 95%CI=3.15-19.53). Conclusion: In order to increase breastfeeding opportunities for LPIs, educational programs for gestational age-appropriate breastfeeding should be developed. The focus of breastfeeding education needs to be on mothers who delivered their LPIs through Cesarean-section and LPIs who had feeding intolerance or were fed only formula during hospitalization.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.271-276
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was to evaluate the effects on the heart rate and respiration rate of preterm infants when providing auditory stimulation on them. Methods: The design of this study was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design in a quasi experimental study. Forty preterm infants were assigned to experimental and control groups : 20 in the auditory and 20 in the control group. The data were collected from May 2014 to October. The auditory stimulation was created by using an audio music tape provided 20-minute per day for 7 consecutive days. In data analysis, SPSS WIN 21.0 program was utilized for descriptive statistics, repeated measurement anova and Mann-Whitney. Results: General characteristics of the two groups showed no significant differences, thus two groups were found to be homogenous. There were no significant differences in heart rate and respiration rate between the auditory and control groups. Conclusion: The effect of auditory stimulation for 7 days was not effective in decreasing heart rate or respiration rate in premature infants. Therefore, the type and length of music therapy must be developed for the improvement of vital signs in preterm infants who were hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.280-293
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was to identify the relationship between physical suffering, emotional state, and nursing needs of pregnant women in preterm labor and the difference depending on general characteristics. Methods: The participants in this descriptive survey, selected by convenience sampling, were 126 pregnant women who were hospitalized after being diagnosed with preterm labor at 3 university hospitals. Results: The level of personal hygiene was assessed in physical suffering, level of fear was assessed by the emotional state, and level of perterm labor was assessed by the nursing cares. In the analysis, physical suffering, emotional state, and nursing needs in the subjects all showed a significantly positive correlation. Differences in physical suffering, emotional state, and nursing needs depending on general characteristics were as follows; age, job, family type, economic condition, smoking, drinking admission days, previous delivery type, and artificial insemination. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the nurse should focus on the domain of personal hygiene, and teaching contents specific for abdominal breathing exercises for relieving the women's fear and anxiety should be added.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.204-214
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• 2006

Purpose:　The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Yakson therapy conducted by mother of preterm infants on the maternal attachment and attachment behavior. Method: A quasi experimental pre-post test design was used. The data were collected from January, 2005 to October, 2005. The participants were 30 mothers of preterm infants hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit (15 in the Yakson therapy group and 15 in control group). Yakson therapy consists of three phases: laying a hand, caressing by hand, and laying a hand again taking 5 minutes for each phase. Yakson therapy was provided to infants in the experimental group for 15-minutes 5 times for 15 days. Data were analyzed using the SAS program with x2-test, repeated measures ANOVA, and Fisher's exact test. Result: Compared to the control group, the experimental group had significantly higher scores in maternal attachment (F=5.54, p=.0258). And the attachment behavior of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. Conclusion: The results suggest that Yakson therapy can be used to improve maternal attachment and attachment behavior.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.128-137
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• 2018

Purpose: To investigate factors that may affect the method of feeding among preterm infants at 4 weeks after discharge. Methods: This study included 222 mother-infant dyads born before a gestational age of 37 weeks. The feeding method and general medical characteristics of the participants were assessed at 4 weeks after discharge using a structured questionnaire. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to examine which factors were associated with breastfeeding at home. Results: Of the 222 infants who qualified for the study, 71 (32.9%) continued to receive breastmilk at 4 weeks post-discharge. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that breastfeeding at 4 weeks post-discharge was associated with higher breastfeeding self-efficacy, vaginal delivery (experience), direct breastfeeding in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), gestational age between 30 and 34 weeks, and breastmilk consumption in the NICU. The following factors were associated with mixed feeding at 4 weeks post-discharge: being employed, having higher breastfeeding self-efficacy, and direct breastfeeding in the NICU. Conclusion: NICU nurses should provide opportunities for direct breastfeeding during hospitalization and support breastfeeding to enhance breastfeeding self-efficacy. These factors may help to ensure the continuation of breastfeeding after discharge. Moreover, factors that affect breastfeeding should be considered when providing interventions.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.651-658
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• 1998

Cerebral palsy is a neurodevelopmental impairment caused by a nonprogressive defect or lesion in single or multiple locations in the immature brain. The defect or lesion can occur in utero or during or shortly after birth and produces sensory-motor impairment that are usually evident in early infancy. The causes of cerebral palsy are not completely understood, certain prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal factors have been associated with cerebral palsy. This study was analysed the clinical features of 50 children with cerebral palsy (29 males and 21 females) in National Rehabilitation Hospital from March 17 to June 27, 1998. The time of initial visit was over than 12 months in 74%, and their cheif complains were delayed developments (78%). The preterm infants were 40% and the infants with low birth weight were 36%. The maternal age at childbirth was over than 30 years old in 52%. The most common type of cerebral palsy was spastic (54%), mixed (22%), athetosis and hypotonia (10% each), ataxia (4%). The cerebral palsy with preterm infants and low birth weight were more likely to have spastic type (P=0.002, P=0.023 each). The most preterm infants were born between 30 and 35 years old of maternal age, and there were statistical significance in difference (P=0.031).

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.302-310
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the rate of breastfeeding and factors which affect late preterm infants' (LPIs) breastfeeding according to gestational age. Methods: Participants were LPIs of 34 weeks (n=70), 35 weeks (n=75), and 36 weeks (n=88). Data were collected from July to December, 2011 from four university hospitals in D city. Descriptive statistics and odds ratio were used to compare three groups. Results: The rate of breastfeeding at 1 week after LPIs' discharge was 32.9%, 37.3%, 23.9% at 34, 35 and 36 weeks, respectively. The tendency to breastfeed in LPIs of 34 weeks was lower for LPIs born by Cesarean-section, while it was higher for LPIs with a longer period of breastfeeding during hospitalization and higher body weight at the first day of feeding. The prevalence of breastfeeding in LPIs of 35 weeks and 36 weeks was higher for infants with a history of more frequent breastfeeding during hospitalization. Conclusion: The rate of breastfeeding in LPIs of 36 weeks was the lowest. This study suggests that nurses should give more customized education to mothers with LPIs of 36 weeks during their stay in hospitals.