• Korean Journal of Hazardous Materials
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 2018

The use of chemicals to enhance and improve life is a widespread practice worldwide. But alongside the benefits of these products, there is also the potential for adverse effects to people or the environment. Thus, If anyone handles hazardous chemicals, they should adhere to specific criteria for hazardous chemicals. This study used hazard statement(H-code) and precautionary statement(P-code) to set specific criteria for handling chemicals. According to the UN GHS, hazard statement means a statement assigned to a hazard class and category that describes. And a precautionary statement is a phrase which describes recommended measures that should be taken to minimize or prevent adverse effects resulting from exposures to a hazardous product, or improper storage or handling of a hazardous product. The study suggests the treatment criteria(Public Notice) of 785 types of hazardous chemicals managed by the Chemical Control Act.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.161-170
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• 2008

Despite the recent growth in size and frequency of damages caused by illegal information breaches, current business counter-measures and precautionary systems are greatly limited. Some major companies have developed Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) to safeguard their vital information; however, such measures are largely based on the ISO27001 and lacks in many aspects to grasp the holistic corporate security level and reinforce precautionary measures. The information protection level evaluation model introduced in this paper is a pragmatic evaluative tool that can be utilized to devise effective corporate information security precautionary measures and countermeasures, based on the BSC (Balanced ScoreCard) method for an actual and realistic corporate information security level evaluation possible.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.57-65
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• 2023

Background: The association between exposure to extremely low frequency-magnetic fields (ELF-MF) and childhood leukemia has been controversial. There is a need to clarify this relationship by summarizing key conclusions from systematic review articles. Objectives: The major aim of this study is to summarize key conclusions from systematic review articles on the association between exposure to ELF-MF and childhood leukemia based on childhood exposure to ELF-MF, proximity from childhood household to high voltage cables, and parental occupational exposure to ELF-MF. Methods: This study was conducted through a brief literature review focusing on systematic, meta-analysis, and pooled analysis methods. We conducted a literature search in PubMed using the key words "ELF-MF" and "childhood leukemia" singly or combined. Results: In 2002, the World Health Organization (WHO)'s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) reviewed two manuscripts to conduct pooled analysis and concluded that there is a significant association between exposure to >0.3 μT or 0.4 μT and childhood leukemia. We found a total of four manuscripts for systematic or pool analysis that have been published since the IARC's conclusion. They consistently concluded that there was a significant association between exposure to >0.4 μT and childhood leukemia compared to ELF-MF exposure to below 0.1 μT. The proximity of children's households to high voltage cable lines and occupational exposure by their parents to ELF-MF during certain periods prior to or during pregnancy were inconsistently associated with childhood leukemia. The study found that many EU countries have implemented precautionary policies to prevent potential childhood leukemia due to exposure to ELF-MF. Conclusions: This study recommends implementing a precautionary policy that includes legal exposure limits for ELF-MF to minimize exposure to ELF-MF.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.127-154
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• 2006

It has been widely accepted that the environment is an important determining factor of human health. Appreciating the relationship between the environment and human health, Korean government has begun to deal with issues of environmental health. The government proclaimed the year of 2006 to be the first year of Environmental Health and established "The Environmental Health Plan for the next 10 Year". In order to achieve the goals in the plan, there are necessary considerations such as support systems for environment health related research, investigation, law, institution, administration, and so forth. This study suggests basic principles required to establish a legal regime of environmental health which is to implement the environmental health policies in Korea. Several cases of foreign legislation and policy relevant to environmental health are reviewed. Also, existing related legal system in Korea are analysed considering legal and institutional elements for establishing an effective environmental health policy. The main purpose of amending legal system related environmental health is to protect both public health and the soundness of ecosystem. To reach the goals effectively, the concept of 'environmental health' should be clearly established and presented. In addition, an advanced prevention system, including investigation and prevention of the cause of environmental diseases and risk assessment based on the precautionary principle, are substantial in the environmental health legislation. Also the environmental health law should guarantee public participation in decision making as well as the first consideration of susceptible or vulnerable population. This study concludes that the expected legislation related to environmental health should be a nonnative instrument not only for integrating each environmental protection scheme but also for establishing and implementing the policy.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.241-269
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• 2011

Solar flare and storm may give an adverse effect upon electromagnetic environment around the Earth, so that various kinds of satellite cease to normally function. This kind of space storm disaster is characterized by the uncertainty about when and what size. Recently the UN has been paying attention to this plausible disaster. Particularly the COPUOS has taken the view that this disaster would threaten the sustainable space environment. The precautionary principle, rooted and excercised in the environment protection filed, has been adopted in the case of disaster with uncertainty. The reports and opinions given by the expert and representatives of the member States have stated that the precautionary principle should be adopted for the purpose of dealing with this disaster. On the other hand, it is advanced that the principle has been already included in the space law principle enshrined in the 1967 Space Treaty. The Treaty has adopted the freedom of navigation and use of the outer space for the interest of all States as the basic principles. Sustainable environment is necessary for implementing the principle. Therefore, the rules for the protection of sustainable space environment should be based upon the space law principle.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.59-89
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• 2008

The Council Regulation (EEC) No 2092/91 of 24 Juni 1991 on organic production of agricultural products and indications referring thereto on agricultural products and foodstuffs. This Regulation describes the legal framework for agricultural products and foodstuffs obtained organically. The Regulation establishes a harmonized framework for the production, labelling and inspection of agricultural products and foodstuffs in order to increase consumer confidence in such products and ensure fair competition between producers. This article presents a study about inspection and certification system of organic production of agricultural products and foodstuffs in Germany. In order to guarantee respect for the rules of production, the Regulation provides for an inspection system to ensure that operators who produce, prepare or store organic products or import them from third countries notify the competent private and public authorities in the Member States of their activities. These inspection authorities must, at the very least, ensure application of the minimum inspection and precautionary measures laid down in Annex III to the Regulation. For the production of meat, the Regulation states that the Member States must guarantee the traceability of products throughout the production, processing and preparation chain.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.227-235
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• 2003

In August 1998, during the resumed fourth session of the Authority, the delegation of the Russian Federation reminded the Assembly that, in addition to polymetallic nodules, other mineral resources existed in the Area, including polymetallic sulphides and cobalt crusts, and requested the Authority to adopt rules, regulations and procedures for exploration for such resources. Pursuant to article 162, para. 2(o)(ii), of the 1982 UNCLOS, such rules, regulations and procedures are to be adopted within three years of the date of such a request. This article reviewed the 'Draft Rules and Regulations for the Exploration and Exploitation of Sea-Floor Massive Sulphides and Cobat-rich Ferromanganese Crusts in the Area' by ISA in 2001, and the 'Madang Guideline for Offshore Mineral Policy' written in 1999 in respect of the international trends of polymetallic sulphides and cobalt crusts. Issues for size of mining area and relinquishment, application of the site-banking system, procedure for dealing with overlapping claims and precautionary approach etc. for the establishment of the norm of polymetallic sulphides and cobalt crusts are reviewed as consideration factors.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.151-173
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• 2011

Whenever several natural disasters hit Korea with huge damage of property loss and death toll, government spends huge sums of money for rehabilitation of devastated areas every year. It's time to discuss about a natural disaster insurance, which is a long-term as well as precautionary measure. It is advisable to discuss government involvement through the natural disaster insurance, implementation of countermeasures against natural disasters. The natural disasters insurance have to executed as follows, 1) introducing natural disaster insurance with characteristics of social welfare, which makes fast recovery and anxiety reduction in the low-income bracket. 2) advisable to mix the methods of microinsurance including the natural disaster and index insurance.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.49-71
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• 2013

Nanomaterials, which have the issues related to toxicity, environmental exposures, and human health, have been focused on significance of their safety management. Regarding their higher applicability for multiple sectors from chemicals to consumer products, the most important thing is to consider international policy cases categorized by regulatory intensities, applicable sectors, and substance types for establishing of convincing safety management system on nanomaterials. For minimizing the nanomaterials' risk potential, developing the system that underlines a precautionary principle is also needed. Regulatory system on nanomaterials should be applicable to the status quo and be a proactive approach to rapidly changing international trends.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.2 no.2 s.2
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• pp.69-78
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• 1987

Due to the increase of population and development of industry, the demand of available water resources increased . Many reservoirs have been constructed in large scales to meet this urgent need , resulting in the increased amount of water resources. After the constructions, however, serious pollution-especially eutrophication-in some reservoirs become a socialaffair. Therefore, water quality control in these resources should be considered more intensively than any other environmental preservation policies. It also seems to be imminent to prepare the precautionary steps. Most water pollution in Korea-73 percent - can be traced to domestic sewage. It may rome as a surprise to Some, Industry is responsible for just 27 percent of ]Korea's water pollution. What he calls 'non-point' Sources, which may include agricultural Chemicals, Create only negligible amount of water pollution. Up to $15\%$ of domestic sewage is treated in Korea, which is quite low when compared with the waste processing in developed countries. So it is the most urgent matter to control the pollution sources. One of the precautionary plans, more urban domestic sewage treatment plants must be installed and operated efficiently. It is known that nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous are the major factors the process of eutrophication, which can be removed majorly by the tertiary or advanced treatment process.