• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.861-870
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• 2012

Objectives : This study has made a comparison of the difference between the periodontal parameter before and after applying dental hygiene process on patients requiring supportive periodontal therapy at a private dental clinic. Methods : The entire process was conducted on 74 patients. As a result of analyzing the difference in periodontal parameters such as PPD>4mm, BOP, and O'Leary Index of 29 patients that has completed 1 circle of dental hygiene process. Results : All periodontal parameters in all subject patients had been significantly reduced(p<0.05). Furthermore, as a result of comparing the periodontal conditions of the smoking group and non-smoking group, complier and non-complier, all parameters were reduced with a significant difference in the non-smoking group and the complier, but the smoking group and the non-complier did not show difference in all parameters. As a result of making an assessment of before and after dental hygiene process according to PRA classifications, high risk group has been generally changed to moderate or low risk group. Conclusions : Accordingly, the supportive periodontal therapy applying dental hygiene process has been shown to be effective. The dental hygiene process in periodontal patients who require continuous management is anticipated to be a very efficient process.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 1996

We are often faced with the clinical situations that is inevitably extended SSD for electron beam therapy due to anatomical restriction or applicator structure. But there are some difficulties in accurately predicting output and properties. In electron beam treatment , unlike photon beam the decrease in output for extended SSD does not follow inverse-square law accurately because of a loss of side scatter equilibrium, which is particularly significant for small cone size and low energies. The purpose of our study is to analyze the output in changing with the energy, cone size, air gap beyond the standard SSD and to compare inverse-square law factor derived from calculated effective SSD, mominal SSD with measured output factor. In addition, we have analyzed the change of PDD for several cones with different SSDs which range from 100cm to 120cm with 5cm step and with different energies(6MeV, 9MeV, 12MeV, 16MeV, 20MeV). In accordance with our study, an extended SSD produces a significant change in beam output, negligible change in depth dose which range from 100cm to 120cm SSDs. In order to deliver the more accurate dose to the neoplastic tissue, first of all we recommend inverse-square law using the table of effective SSDs with cone sizes and energies respectively or simply to create a table of extended SSD air gap correction factor. The second we need to have an insight into some change of dose distribution including PPD, penumbra caused by extended SSD for electron beam therapy.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1057-1063
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• 2011

Herein, a novel ginsenosidase, named ginsenosidase type IV, hydrolyzing 6-O-multi-glycosides of protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides (PPT), such as Re, R1, Rf, and Rg2, was isolated from the Aspergillus sp. 39g strain, purified, and characterized. Ginsenosidase type IV was able to hydrolyze the 6-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\rightarrow}2$)-rhamnoside of Re and the 6-O-${\beta}$-D-($1{\rightarrow}2$)-xyloside of R1 into ginsenoside Rg1. Subsequently, it could hydrolyze the 6-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside of Rg1 into F1. Similarly, it was able to hydrolyze the 6-O-$_{\alpha}$-L-($1{\rightarrow}2$)-rhamnoside of Rg2 and the 6-O-${\beta}$-D-($1{\rightarrow}2$)-glucoside of Rf into Rh1, and then further hydrolyze Rh1 into its aglycone. However, ginsenosidase type IV could not hydrolyze the 3-O- or 20-O-glycosides of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides (PPD), such as Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, and Rd. These exhibited properties are significantly different from those of glycosidases described in Enzyme Nomenclature by the NC-IUBMB. The optimal temperature and pH for ginsenosidase type IV were $40^{\circ}C$ and 6.0, respectively. The activity of ginsenosidase type IV was slightly improved by the $Mg^{2+}$ ion, and inhibited by $Cu^{2+}$ and $Fe^{2+}$ ions. The molecular mass of the enzyme, based on SDS-PAGE, was noted as being approximately 56 kDa.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.123-132
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• 2018

Ginseng has gained its popularity as an adaptogen since ancient days because of its triterpenoid saponins, known as ginsenosides. These triterpenoid saponins are unique and classified as protopanaxatriol and protopanaxadiol saponins based on their glycosylation patterns. They play many protective roles in humans and are under intense research as various groups continue to study their efficacy at the molecular level in various disorders. Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 are the most abundant ginsenosides present in ginseng roots, and they confer the pharmacological properties of the plant, whereas ginsenoside Rg3 is abundantly present in Korean Red Ginseng preparation, which is highly known for its anticancer effects. These ginsenosides have a unique mode of action in modulating various signaling cascades and networks in different tissues. Their effect depends on the bioavailability and the physiological status of the cell. Mostly they amplify the response by stimulating phosphotidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway, caspase-3/caspase-9-mediated apoptotic pathway, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling. Furthermore, they trigger receptors such as estrogen receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, and N-methyl-$\text\tiny{D}$-aspartate receptor. This review critically evaluates the signaling pathways attenuated by ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, and Rg3 in various tissues with emphasis on cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.133-143
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• 2018

Background: AD-2 (20(R)-dammarane-3b, 12b, 20, 25-tetrol; 25-OH-PPD) is a ginsenoside and isolated from Panax ginseng, showing anticancer activity against extensive human cancer cell lines. In this study, effects and mechanisms of 1C ((20R)-3b-O-(L-alanyl)-dammarane-12b, 20, 25-triol), a modified version of AD-2, were evaluated for its development as a novel anticancer drug. Methods: MTT assay was performed to evaluate cell cytotoxic activity. Cell cycle and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined using flow cytometry analysis. Western blotting was employed to analyze signaling pathways. Results: 1C concentration-dependently reduces prostate cancer cell viability without affecting normal human gastric epithelial cell line-1 viability. In LNCaP prostate cancer cells, 1C triggered apoptosis via Bcl-2 family-mediated mitochondria pathway, downregulated expression of mouse double minute 2, upregulated expression of p53 and stimulated ROS production. ROS scavenger, N-acetylcysteine, can attenuate 1C-induced apoptosis. 1C also inhibited the proliferation of LNCaP cells through inhibition on $Wnt/{\beta}-catenin$ signaling pathway. Conclusion: 1C shows obvious anticancer activity based on inducing cell apoptosis by Bcl-2 family-mediated mitochondria pathway and ROS production, inhibiting $Wnt/{\beta}-catenin$ signaling pathway. These findings demonstrate that 1C may provide leads as a potential agent for cancer therapy.

• 한국인삼전략화협의회:학술대회논문집
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• v.2003 no.09
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• pp.77-88
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• 2003

"Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) has been a popular herbal remedy used in eastern Asian cultures for thousands of years, and a number of health claims are made for it. Modern therapeutic claims for ginseng refer to vitality, immune function, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and sexual function. These claims are mostly based on uncontrolled or non-randomized studies. Among modern therapeutic claims, however, therapeutic effects for diabetes can reasonably be accepted. Following experiment was done recently in our lab: this study was designed to compare the antidiabetic activities between Ginseng Radix Alba (GRA), Ginseng Radix Rubra (GRR) and Panax Quinquefoli Radix (PQR) in multiple low dose (MLD) streptozotocin (STZ) (20mg/kg i.p injection for 5 days) induced diabetic rats. In the glucose tolerance test, 500mg/kg of each ginseng ethanol extract was admoinistered intraperitoneally 30min before glucose challenge. While GRA failed to lower blood glucose level, GRR and PQR both significantly prevented the hyperglycemia when compared with the control group. In the MLD STZ-induced diabetic rats, 300 mg/kg of each ginseng ethanol extract was administered intraperitoneally for 2 weeks. Plasma glucose and insulin levels were markedly improved in all treatment groups. While GRR showed the highest antidiabetic activity, and GRA and PQR revealed somewhat equipotent antidiabetic activities, but less than that in GRR-treated group as for as blood parameters and diabetic symptoms such as polydipsia are concerned. Blood glucose levels were closely associated with plasma insulin levels, and this result may suggest that ginseng ethanol extracts showed the activity to enhance insulin secretion as well as preventing destruction of pancreatic islet cells. To elucidate the relationship between antidiabetic activity and ginsenoside profiles, seven major ginsenoside were quantified by HPLC. We figured out the fact that protopanaxatriol (PPT) : proptopanaxadiol (PPD) ratio might play an important role in its hypoglycemia effects."

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.247-257
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference of subgingival bacterial compositions between periodontally healthy and diseased sites. Subgingival plaque samples were obtained from 100 sites in 20 untreated adult periodontitis patients(experimental group), and 100 sites in healthy individuals(contro1 group). Before sampling, probing pocket depth(PPD) and clinical level of attachment(CAL), Plaque Index(PI), and Sulcus Bleeding Index(SBI) were recorded for each sampled sites. Microbial samples were collected from the bases of gingival sulci or periodontal pockets with sterile curettes. The samples were examined under darkfield microscope(${\times}$400). At least 150 bacteria were evaluated and categorized on the basis of bacterial morphology and motility, i.e. cocci, non-motile rods, motile rods, and spirochetes. In control group, subgingival microbial flora consisted of 73.7% of cocci, 20.0% of non-motile rods, 4.3% of motile rods, and 2.0% of spirochetes. The microbial samples from experimental group consisted of 51.5% of cocci, 19.4% of non-motile rods, 17.6% of motile rods, and 11.6% of spirochetes. The proportion of cocci was higher in control group than in experimental group. Proportions of motile rods and spirochetes were higher in experimental group than in control group. The proportion of nonmotile rods in experimental group and control group was not significantly different. Sulcus Bleeding Index and Plaque Index showed high correlation with the bacterial composition. These findings suggests that examination of subgingival bacterial proportion may serve as more sensitive mirror of the local periodontal status than clinical parameters.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.441-447
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• 1991

In this study, effect of levamisole, selenium and tocopherol on the lymphocyte blastogenesis and antibody production in Korean native goat were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Lymphocyte blastogenesis of goat blood increased significantly (p<0.01 and p<0.05) when the cells were treated in vitro with levamisole at the concentration of $50{\sim}500{\mu}g/ml$, with selenium at the concentration of $0.062{\sim}1.0{\mu}g$ and with tocopherol nt the concentration on $12.5{\mu}g$. Increased lymphocyte blastogenesis was detected from 2 to 24 hours after oral administration of levamisole (2.5mg/kg of body weight). After 7 days, increased mitogenic response of lymphocytes was not detected. Meanwhile increased blastogenesis of lymphocyte from goats given the selenium-tocopherol mixture (selenium $100{\mu}g$-tocopherol 200IU/head/day) was detected from 10 days after feeding, and the tendency continued throughout the entire experimental period. When immune responses of goats against PPD were subjected to test by ELISA, the mean IgG titers of levamisolc group (1 : 1,800) and selenium-tocopherol group (1 : 960) were higher than that of control group (1 : 600) at 2 weeks after lst inoculation. At 3 weeks after lst inoculation and 1 week after 2nd inoculation, the significant (p<0.05) differences in IgG titers were detected among the three groups. The mean IgG titers of levamisole group, selenium-tocopherol group and control at that time were 1 : 20,480, 1 : 5,120 and 1 : 2,640, respectively. The IgG production of levamisole group was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that of control group.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.352-357
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• 1993

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate and compare the periodontal conditions of distally extending cantilever bridges(CB) and removable patial dentures(RPD). 78 patients treated with removable partial dentures were divided into 2 groups; bilateral free-ending (type 1) and unilateral free-ending(type 2). 43 patients treated with distally extending cantilever bridges were divided into 4 groups according to position of missing molars and number of including abutment tooth (or teeth) (type 1-4). Prosthodontic status of the abutment teeth were assessed; overcontoured crown, overhanged margin, embrasure closure, and others. Their Periodonted status were assessed with Plaque Index Gingial Index(GI) Sulcus bleedy Index (SBI), Tooth mobility(TM) & Posher depth(PPD). 35.9% of RPD group and 38.1 of CB grouphad disconfort on mastication with prosthetics. 16.7% of RPD group and 6.1% of CB group showed on opposing sites. Overhanged margins were 58.3% for RPD group and 86.6% for GB group. 45.5% of RPD group and 72% of CB group had embrasure closure on the abutment teeth. 30.5% of GB group had oversized pontic. Gb group showed much higher clinical parameters than RPD groups, but statistically not significant. Type 2 of RPD group showed lower GI and SBI, but statistically not significant. Type 3 of CB group showed the highest GI and SBI and type 2 showed the highest tooth mobility, but there is no differences between the same type of groups. In conclusion, only minor differences in periodontal conditions were recorded in RPD and CB group.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.113-119
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• 2018

An extensive effort is actively being made to implement permeable pavement systems in urban or residential areas of South Korea in order to achieve efficient water circulation system based on low impact development (LID) design concept. This study aims to establish the design factors and procedure for permeable asphalt pavements structural design. Based on the review of previous studies, the 1993 AASHTO design method is found to be adequate for permeable pavements structural design. In this study, the design program based on 1993 AASHTO design procedure in conjunction with domestic roadway design standards was developed to accommodate the characteristics of permeable asphalt pavements. Primary design parameters such as structural layer coefficients of permeable materials were successfully quantified based on literature reviews and parallel analyses. Comparable design thicknesses were obtained between the developed permeable pavement design (PPD) program and Korea pavement research program (KPRP) under different levels of traffic and subgrade load bearing capacity.