• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.205-216
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• 2012

65 samples of glass bead excavated from Mahan tombs of Asan Bakjimeure site consists of 13 of potash glass group and 52 of soda glass group and soda glass is superior in numbers. When classified according to color, purple blue glass bead is accompanied potash and soda glass group whereas purple glass bead is potash glass group and red, greenish blue, green and gold foil glass bead is soda glass group. Purple blue glass bead is classified as LCA type in which the content of the stabilizer is low. Of this, the soda glass categorized as LMK type with low content of MgO and $K_2O$ is determined that natron is used as the raw material. As to red glass, the homogeneous glass is LCA-B/HMK type and the heterogeneous glass is HCLA/LMK type. Thus, each of these two types are likely to be used plant ash and natron respectively. Greenish blue and green glass depends of the type that round glass is LCA-A/LMHK type and the segmented glass is LCA-B/HMK type. The gold foil glass bead is manufactured by the purity of 19.9~22.6K gold foil and the soda glass of HCLA/LMK type. In other words, the most of the glass bead of Asan Bakjimeure site is similar to the composition of the glass confirmed in other sites of the Baekche period. On the other hand, the greenish blue and green segmented bead and some red round bead is a different chemical composition is considered that the difference in raw materials. These characteristics is expected to be an important evidence for the understanding of the trade system of the ancient glass.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.16 s.16
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• pp.104-109
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• 2004

The characteristics and composition of the ancient glasses excavated at Songdong-ri, Sangju, Kyongsangbuk-do were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscope attached with Energy Dispersive Spectrometer. As the results, the glass beads of Songdong-ri showed that there were changed the composition, the color and types according to the periods. There were appeared potash and soda glass group at A.D.4 century and potash and mixed alkali glass group at A.D. 17 century. The potash glasses of A.D. 4c. were colored blue and contained low $Al_2O_3$ and CaO composition as below $5\%$. The soda glasses of This period were colored blue and red, and contained $Al_2O_3$ composition as upper $5\%$. But the potash glasses of A.D.17c. showed the transparent yellow color and considerably higher CaO, $11.7\%$. 'Coil glasses' typed unique were colored yellow-brown, Cu-blue and colorless, were classified the mixed alkali glass as upper $5\%\;of\;Na_2O\;and\;K_2O$. The composition of coil glasses were presented first at this study.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.32
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• pp.113-121
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• 2011

Four glass beads from Hakso-ri site, O'chang were analyzed for thirteen oxides with SEM/EDS and lead isotope ratios with TIMS respectively. These samples were classified to potash glass system($K_2O-CaO-SiO_2$) with HCLA(High CaO, Low $Al_2O_3$). However three samples with above 4% for lead could be classified to potash-lead ($K_2O-PbO-CaO-SiO_2$)glass system and it seemed that coloring agent for greenish blue was Cu. Lead isotope ratio data for four samples did not make a group but scattered to the space respectively. It needs more study for compositions and lead iosotope data of potash-lead glasses with regions and ages.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.31
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• pp.21-37
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• 2024

This paper sought to garner an understanding of Daegaya glass culture by observing the micro-structure and analyzing the chemical composition of 43 glass beads excavated from the No.73 and 74 ancient tombs in Jisan-dong, Goryeong, which are estimated to have a central age of 5th century CE. The visible characteristics and micro-structure of these artifacts were observed with a optical microscope and an scanning electron microscope, while their chemical composition was analyzed with an energy-dispersing spectrometer attached to the scanning electron microscope. As a result, the glass beads of Jisan-dong, Goryeong were identified to have been formed using various methods such as drawing, casting, and folding techniques, with the majority molded by the drawing technique. In terms of chemical composition, 32.6% were in the potash glass group and 67.4% in the soda glass group, with the latter divided into various fluxes such as high alumina glass, netron glass, and plant ash glass. Compared to Baekje's cultural region in the same age, the composition of these ancient glass artifacts demonstrates a high share of the potash glass group. This shows that, despite the shift from the potash glass group to the soda glass group in ancient Korean glass culture, glass composition differs from region to region or depending on the cultural sphere of influence. In the soda glass group, high-alumina glass comprised 23.3%, natron glass 43.0%, and plant ash glass was 1.2%. Among them, the main type of Korean soda glass is high-alumina glass, as natron glass and plant ash glass are known to have appeared later, but the results of scientific analysis of the glass beads excavated in Jisan-dong can be expected to provide important clues about the inflow and transformation of ancient glass on the Korean Peninsula. In the No. 73, 74, and 74-1 ancient tombs, which were found to have been built in chronological order by the excavation survey, the glass beads showed only slight variations depending on their production period. Nonetheless, the chemical composition of glass is deemed to have a close correlation to color.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.30
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• pp.71-88
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• 2023

This paper examined the visible characteristics and chemical composition of glass beads from the Joseon Dynasty as well as the associations thereof. It also explored the characteristics and uses of glass beads by region. This study covered a total of 1,819 pieces excavated from 25 locations in the Gyeonggi, Chungcheong, and Gyeongsang regions, of which 537 pieces were analyzed for their chemical composition. Glass beads of the Joseon Dynasty take a variety of shapes such as a Round, Coil, Floral, Segmented, Flat, Oval, and Calabash. Colors vary from shades of brown (brown, lemon yellow) and shades of blue (Bluish-Green, greenish-Blue, Purple-Blue) to shades of white (colorless, white) and shades of green (Green, Greenish-Blue, Greenish-Brown). Brown accounts for the largest percentage, followed by Bluish-Green, greenish-Blue. It was identified that Drawing technique was the most common glass bead production technique of the Joseon Dynasty. Potassium oxide (K₂O) was the most common flux agent for glass beads, while the potash glass and mixed alkali glass groups account for the largest quantity. The choice of stabilizers depended on the type of flux agents used, but the most common were calcium oxide (CaO) and aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). The potash glass and potash lead glass groups are high in CaO and low in Al₂O₃, the mixed alkali glass group is high in CaO, and the lead glass group is low in CaO. In terms of the association between color and shape, most of the beads with shade of brown and blue have round shapes of brown and blue have spherical shapes, while the coil shape is prominent in blue beads. A high percentage of green and colorless beads also take the shape of a coil, while white beads in general have a floral shape. In terms of the association between shape and chemical composition, round, floral and segmented shapes account for a high percentage of the potash glass group, while coil and flat shapes are common in the mixed alkali glass group. This paper also analyzed the colorants for each color based on the association between color and chemical composition. Iron (Fe) was used as the colorant for brown and white, and titanium (Ti) and iron were used for light yellow. Purple-Blue was produced by by cobalt (Co), and greenish-Blue, Bluish-Green, green, Greenish-Blue were produced by iron and copper (Cu). Colorless beads had a generally low colorant content.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.13
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• pp.45-49
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• 2012

A scientific analysis was carried out on the 14 pieces of glass beads excavated from the Daho-ri site NO. 6, Changweon. Most of the glass pieces were made of light blue transparent glass with round bubbles aligned in a regular direction. As a result of the SEM-EDS analysis, all the glass pieces turned out to be within the potash glass group (K₂O-SiO₂) and were identified to be the LCA (Low CaO, Low Al₂O₃) series glass, of which the concentration is 5% or below for CaO and Al₂O₃ respectively. In addition, it is presumed that plant materials were refined or a mineral (saltpetre, KNO₃) was used as the raw materials for making potash and also that the ingredient acting as a colorants for light blue color was affected deeply by CuO.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.20
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• pp.105-117
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• 2007

This study is examined the beads excavated in the Sacheon Neukdo ruins to investigate the features of archaeological chemistry and to compare those of the same type of beads excavated within the Gyeongsang-do area by means of scientific analysis. The samples have been observed the micro-structures by an optical microscope and SEM and confirmed the physical property by density measurement. Chemical property have been analyzed main components such as flux, stabilizers, and colorants by SEM-EDS. Besides, XRD was used to identified the characteristic materials of beads. The white opaque beads, which was initially estimated as sea-shell beads, confirm as amorphous silica material. The glass beads, which are blue type as a result of compositional analysis, it is revealed potash glass group and LCA(Low-CaO, $Al_2O_3$) system. gB ones are revealed only in LCA-A(LCA-CaO<$Al_2O_3$), while purple blue ones in LCA-B(LCA-CaO>$Al_2O_3$).

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.323-332
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• 2011

Microtexture and components of 7 glass bead fragments excavated from Andong tumulus in Gildu-ri, Goheung have been analyzed to determine the characteristics of their weathered condition as well as chemical compositions. Firstly, status of microtexture shows that there is a large quantity of pollutants which were presumably transferred from the buried environment into the surface and the gap of the cracks. The examination has displayed that there are less amount of alkali metal components such as sodium (Na) and potasium (K) in the gap of the cracks than on the surface. The chemical compositions analysis has confirmed that two samples belongs to potash glass group ($K_2O-SiO_2$), four to soda glass group ($Na_2O-SiO_2$), and one to the mixed alkali glass group. Chromophoric elements of the glass varies by different colours: blue and navy are cobalt (Co); greenish blue is copper (Cu) and iron (Fe); and light brown is Fe respectively. Such kind of scientific analysis of the excavated glass beads will contribute to the understanding of interchange between various local cultures and arts within the southwest region of Korean Peninsula during the 4th and the 5th centuries.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 2018

This study revealed the material composition and characteristics of 19 glass fragments excavated from stone chamber No. 1 of Jeongchon Tomb in Naju through chemical composition analyses and observations. These characteristics were compared with the characteristics of the glass fragments excavated from No. 3 tomb of Bogam-ri in Naju. The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of the ancient glass of the Mahan-Baekje period. The glass fragments excavated from the Jeongchon Tombs can be classified into purplish blue, light-purplish blue, greenish blue, green, and mixture of purple blue and purple, based on their color. These beads were made using a drawn and casting technique. In addition, blue glass fragments were primarily excavated form No. 3 tomb of Bogam-ri. However, red glass fragments were not excavated from either of the tombs. According to chemical composition analyses, soda glass group and potash glass group were common in both the tombs. Additionally, alkali mixed glass group and lead barium glass group were excavated from Jeongchon Tombs and No. 3 tomb of Bogam-ri, respectively. The glass fragments excavated from No. 3 tomb of Bogam-ri have more color variations than those excavated from Jeongchon Tombs.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.22
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• pp.69-84
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• 2019

This study investigated the formal characteristics and chemical compositions of eighty beads excavated from a Silla tomb complex at Deokcheon-ri, Uljin in order to reveal the methods of production and the characteristics of the raw materials involved, thereby illuminating characteristics of the relics from each tomb. The beads excavated from these Silla tombs include one curved bead, one tubular bead, and 78 globular beads. Among them, the curved and tubular beads and three globular beads were identified to be made of minerals, and the remaining 75 beads are made of glass. Most of the glass beads are thought to have been produced using the drawing technique. The characteristics of the beads were classified according to their site of excavation. The globular beads from Tomb No. 34 belong to the lead-barium glass and potash glass groups, indicating that these beads were produced at a relatively earlier period in time. The glass beads excavated from the tombs in the northern portion of the complex differ in color and chemical composition from those in the southern portion, which indicates the character that each group of beads had different aspect according to site location. Considering that the excavated beads were mainly from fifth- and sixth-century tombs, it is likely that certain groups of people living around Uljin used and buried beads in their tombs. As the governance of Silla became more centralized in the sixth century, the use of beads for burial purpose appears to have come to an end in this region.