• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1761-1771
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• 2007

The artificial exaggeration of stage costumes is thought to be one of the major techniques of enhancing dramatic expression on stage, whichever for visual impact or symbolic effect of dramatization. In the history of stage dressing, a variety of styles has been tried using different materials and production techniques. This may be reviewed as an effort to express dramatic effects more effectively. As this trend became obvious in Europe after the Second World War, this study analyzes the stage costume to deepen our understandings of the role of costumes in expressing dramatic effects. To accomplish this, we first summarized the history of stage costume materials and technical advance and chose five major cases representing the history of stage costume since the Second World War in Europe based on aesthetic and creative aspects: 1) Simplified stage of Jacques Copeau, 2) Stylized stage of Bertolt Brecht, 3) Essential stage of Grotowski, 4) Measured stage of Robert Wilson the Master, and 5) Post-dramatic stage of Philippe $Decoufl\'{e}$. In each of particular case, the historical, material and dramatic contexts were examined as well as different material-effects. The results are as followings: 1) Costume for Copeau's simplified stage: its simplicity plays a supporting role to the gesture of actors(intensifying effect). 2) Costume for Brecht's stylized stage: the artificial stylization integrates into the play with the importance approximately equal to the actors's acting. 3) Costumes for Grotowski's essential stage: costumes disappeared to emphasize only actor's presence on stage. 4) Costumes for Robert Wilson's measured stage: costumes made concrete impression to the extent of obtaining the same importance of actor's body among other stage art elements(lighting, sound, props, actor, text, etc). 5) Costumes for Decoufle's post-dramatic stage: costumes in the era of multi technology possess multi functional aspects that surrogate actors' body. This study suggests that stage costumes take an important part in dramaturgy to the extent that the intent of dramaturgy can be induced enough from stage costume. Thus, costume makers are expected to incorporate the appropriate dramatic factor more than before.

• Trans-
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• v.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 2016

Arts have changed continuously reflecting the times with the political atmosphere and social systems. As political, economic, and social big changes have occurred since World War II, antihistorical tendencies rejecting modernism in the early 20th century have come to appear in culture and arts as well. With these social changes, radical, avant-garde and artistic tendencies with strong experimental spirits, which rejected modernism took place especially in American dancing world. Trends of improvised elements and experimental trials were dominated discovering expressions of new movements in intentions and expressions of works. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects on choreographic forms of modern dance until today by exploring choreographic characteristics of this postmodernism. To examine post-modernist inclinations in works, Trisha Brown who led American post-modern dance stressed dance for expressions of movements in themselves and pure movements by actively accepting into dance works American social flows which played a major role in postmodernism starting from 1960s. American modern dancers considered body in itself as important one and any emotional expressions and individual sensitivity is excluded as their physical expressions are factual, realistic, and due to their movements. They imprinted dance as valuable art by recreating ordinary behaviors into dance, using space excellently and forming experimental dance shapes. Therefore, it can be said that through analyzing brown's works, we proposed a new direction getting out of limits of arts and provided a direction of essential dance alt to movements of modern dance and choreographic shapes.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.14
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• pp.549-567
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• 2007

In the post-Cold war world, the threat of terrorism is emerging as the most formidable challenge. The terrorist attacks including 9.11 World Trade Center attack have proved such challenge. It has become apparent that no country is safe from the scourage of terrorism. The region of the southeast Asia is no exception to this trend. The Bali bombing of 2002, killing about 200 innocent people, demonstrated that the threat environment had significantly altered. Today, local and regional groups such as Jemiah Islamiah can conduct terrorist operations as devastating as those carried out by Al Qaeda. As fighting terrorism is a complex multi-dimensional task, the responsibility for fighting terrorism must not rest with a single government. The burden must be shared by both the local governments and international communities. In addition, To prevent another bombing of the scale of Bali, countries in the region of southeast Asia must respond decisively. The purpose of this study is to examine the current situation on terrorism in the southeast Asia and to provide perspectives on future terrorism in this region. To foster the better understanding, historical survey on the terrorism in the region and local terrorist groups' network with the foreign terrorist organizations including Al Qaeda have been researched. Based on the result of the research, this paper provides a perspectives and evaluation on the future terrorism in the southeast Asia. It also provides an implications for our reference in the war against terrorism.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.47-65
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• 1985

Three stages of population growth during last forty years affected differently to the labor force and employment in Korea. The first impact of rapid population growth on the labor force occured after the end of World War II. Sudden growth of population due to repartriation and refugees directly increased the labor force. Deteriorating labor market conditions were caused not only by the explosive labor supply but also by the shortage of employment opportunities due to a lack of productive facilities. This severe excess supply of labor continued until the early 196Os. Population growth in the second stage which caused by high fertility during the post Korean War baby boom period induced an eventual increase in the labor supply with time lag of more than fifteen years. Younger persons born during baby boom period were flooded the labor market. Fortunately, job opportunities were expanded more rapidly than the labor force supply because high rates of economic growth and speedy industrialization were continued until the later half of 1970s. Unemployment, therefore, decreased dramatically during this period. The effect of third stage which is characterized as mitigated population growth due to birth control has appeared in the labor market since late 1970s. The growth rate of labor force has been going down and the proportion of younger workers was also been decreasing. From the early 1980s, furthermore, partial disharmony between supply of and demand for the younger workers is closing up. Less educated younger workers who works at low wage are lacking while more educated youngers who want to work at high wage are being excess, because a lot of younger prefer higher education rather than productive job. It is expected that the structural inharmony will be diversified in the future in Korea. The labor force will be changed to middleaged, highly educated and womenized till year 2000, and, after then, to old-aged. On the demand side, industries and jobs will transferred to be labor-saving and soft. These structural changes of labor supply and demand will not matching in time. Aggregate supply of labor force will be steadily increasing more rapidly than aggregate demand for labor until year 2000, and this trend will continue to the first one or two decades of the 2lth century because the persons born dufing the baby boom pariod are being eligible couples in recent. Therefore, conclusion is that appropriate manpower development policy as well as sustained birth control policy is necessary for harmonizing the structural unbalance and the disequilibrium between aggregate labor supply and demand in the future.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.321-321
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• 2022

Wheat was brought to solve food scarcity with aid from the United States caused by the Korean War. The Korean government launched a campaign to encourage mixed rice and wheat meals due to shortage of rice production in the 1960s, Wheat consumption began in earnest. However, it is difficult to rebuild the domestic wheat production base devastated by the Korean War with the technology at the time. Thus, wheat was mainly consumed from imported in the past. Since then, as wheat consumption has increased due to westernization and diversification of dietary life, wheat became the second staple grain in Korea. In this situation, the government enacted the Wheat Industry Promotion Act to create a basis for sustainable production and consumption of wheat in Korea. This study sought to improve the self-sufficiency of domestic wheat by examining the possibility of using "Ariheuk", a variety of new Korean wheat, as a rice supplement in the same context as the govemment's policy. Wheat has been used as a raw material for the processed food, such as noodles and bread. However, we approached it by using whole wheat as a nutritional grain. Participants were recruited from the agri-food consumer panel conducted by Rural Development Administration. We set a final sample of 525 consumer panels based on the age of census household heads. The experiment was conducted in such a way that participants cooked and ate 100% rice meal and rice containing 20% whole wheat meal. Participants completed the sensory evaluation questionnaire with online. For this experiment, all participants were given same whole wheat product. The sensory evaluation questionnaire consisted of color, glossiness, stickiness, aroma, chewing, sweetness, nuttiness, chewiness, softness, bursting, flavor, texture and swallowability. The sensory evaluation results were analyzed by giving -3 points to +3 points. The former points were given to the response that 100% rice meal is very superior to the response that rice containing 20% whole wheat meal. The latter points were given vice versa. Zero point was given to the response that they are similar each other. As a result, rice with 20% whole wheat meal was better than 100% rice meal in terms of color, aroma, chewiness, bursting and flavor. In case of sweetness and glossiness, there didn't exist significantly different. On the other hands, 100% rice meal was better in terms of softness and swallowability. As a result of ANOVA by age groups, from 30s or younger to 60s or more, there was significant difference among the groups in terms of color, chewiness and bursting. As a result of post-hoc analysis with Duncan's multiple range test (p < 0.05), 50s were evaluated to be significantly superior in color, chewiness and bursting compared to other age groups. In conclusion, it is appropriate to use whole wheat as a supplement to rice in order to improve the self-sufficiency of domestic wheat. As a strategy to promote domestic wheat consumption, in case of Ariheuk, it is necessary to provide an experience through whole wheat tasting and to establish a marketing strategy segmented by age groups.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.467-472
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• 2024

This paper examines the history of karate, its utilization as military training, and its value as a national defense sport. Originating from Okinawa, karate was introduced into Japanese military training in the modern era and spread worldwide. During World War II, the Japanese military intensified karate training for close-quarters combat. Post-war, karate was introduced to Western society through the U.S. military presence in Japan. In contemporary militaries, various martial arts, including karate, are utilized in training programs such as the U.S. Marine Corps Martial Arts Program (MCMAP) and the Israeli military's Krav Maga. These programs integrate techniques from karate, judo, boxing, and other martial arts to create systems optimized for real combat. In military education, karate enhances individual physical and mental capabilities and improves unit combat effectiveness. Rigorous training develops physical fitness, mental resilience, and practical skills for close-quarters combat. Group training fosters camaraderie and unit cohesion. However, due to the changing nature of modern warfare, it is necessary to reconsider the proportion and methods of martial arts training in military education. With the advancement of high-tech weaponry, team operations have become more critical than individual combat skills. Rather than applying traditional karate techniques unchanged, it is essential to modify and develop them to suit modern warfare. Nevertheless, the value of martial arts training, including karate, remains significant in cultivating key soldier qualities such as physical strength, indomitable spirit, and camaraderie. It is anticipated that militaries worldwide will continue to evolve their martial arts training systems in line with changing times.

• Trans-
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• v.3
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• pp.109-135
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• 2017

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze characteristics of everyday movement showed in performances of Steve Paxton. A work of art has been realized as a special object enjoyed by high class people as high culture for a long time. Therefore, a gap between everyday life and art has been greatly existed, and the emergence of everyday elements in a work of art means that public awareness involving social change is changed. The postmodernism as the period when a boundary between art and everyday life is uncertain was a postwar society after the Second World War and a social situation that rapidly changes into a capitalistic society. Changes in this time made scholars gain access academically concepts related to everyday life, and affected artists as the spirit of the times of pluralistic postmodernism refusing totality. At the same period of the time, modern dance also faced a turning point as post-modern dance. After the Second World War, modern dance started to be evaluated as it reaches the limit, and at this juncture, headed by dancers including the Judson Dance Theatre. Acting as a dancer in a dance company of Merce Cunningham, Steve Paxton, one of founders of the Judson Dance Theatre, had a critical mind of the conditions of dance company with the social structure and the process that movement is made. This thinking is showed in early performances as an at tempt to realize everyday motion it self in performances. His early activity represented by a walking motion attracted attention as a simple motion that excludes all artful elements of existing dance performances and is possible to conduct by a person who is not a dancer. Although starting the use of everyday movement is regarded as an open characteristic of post-modern dance, advanced researches on this were rare, so this study started. In addition, studies related to Steve Paxton are skewed towards Contact Improvisation that he rose as an active practician. As the use of ordinary movement before he focused on Contact Improvisation, this study examines other attempts including Contact Improvisation as attempts after the beginning of his performances. Therefore, the study analyzes Satisfyin' Lover, Contact at 10th & 2nd and Bound that are performances of Steve Paxton, and based on this, draws everyday characteristics. In addition, related books, academic essays, dance articles and reviews are consulted to consider a concept related to everyday life and understand dance historical movement of post-modern dance. Paxton attracted attention because of his activity starting at critical approach of movement of existing modern dance. As walking of performers who are not dancers, a walking motion showed in Satisfyin' Lover gave esthetic meaning to everyday movement. After that, he was affected by Eastern ideas, so developed Contact Improvisation making a motion through energy of the natural laws. In addition, he had everyday things on his performances, and used a method to deliver various images by using mundane movement and impromptu gestures originating from relaxed body. Everyday movement of his performances represents change in awareness of performances of the art of dancing that are traditionally maintained including change of dance genre of an area. His activity with unprecedented attempt and experimentation should be highly evaluated as efforts to overcome the limit of modern dance.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-52
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• 2017

This study aims to compare the state building process focusing on the founding presidents of South Korea, which was a colony of the defeated state of World War II and the Philippines, the colony of the victorious state. To this end, it compares the lives of the presidents, mainly the founding president of Korea Syngman Rhee and Manuel Quezon who led the autonomy of the Philippines and established the Commonwealth government, in the contexts of the state building process of the two countries. In each country, the leaders had to address the core tasks for founding the states in common. Firstly, after the independence or the acquisition of state autonomy, both countries adopted a constitution based on the presidential system with the strong authority of the presidents influenced by the United States. Secondly, the two countries after the independence were operated on the basis of anti-communism at the forefront of the Cold War. In addition, they also carried out land reform to bring the peasants into the system for supporting anti-communism. Lastly, the two countries also faced the same issues of liquidating the Japanese colonial legacies. Therefore the study examines the establishment of the constitution, settlement of anti-communism line, the land reform issues, and liquidation of Japanese colonialism or occupation in each country. The Philippines attained 'constitutional independence' in 1935 and experienced political development faster than any other post-colonial country in Asia. However, except for the establishment of the constitution, the early leaders were not able to address the principal issues for state building. As land reform failed, landowners became economically and politically dominant. The Philippines, where the modern citizen class has not arisen suffered from the political and economic recession. In Korea, despite the Korean War and division of the country, the founding president Syngman Rhee attempted to solve the tasks. As a result, he was able to lay the track of liberal democracy against communism and also settled Japanese colonial legacy as much as it was allowed. In particular, through land reform, he has laid the basis for the nation-state and economic development and has set up the girders of Korean economy by adopting the market economy system. Although there are merits and demerits, compared with the leaders of other countries especially with the Philippines, it is no doubt that Syngman Rhee has played an essential role in establishing the state as a founding president.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry, and Cartography Conference
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• 2007.04a
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• pp.201-205
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• 2007

In the post-Cold War era, acquisition technique of high-resolution satellite imagery (HRSI) has begun to commercialize. IKONOS-2 satellite imaging data is supplied for the first time in the 21st century. Many researchers testified mapping possibility of the HRSI data instead of aerial photography. It is easy to renew and automate a topographical map because HRSI not only can be more taken widely and periodically than aerial photography, but also can be directly supplied as digital image. In this study matching size of IKONOS Geo-level stereo image is presented lot production of digital elevation model (DEM). We applied area based matching method using correlation coefficient of pixel brightness value between the two images. After matching line (where "matching line" implies straight line that is approximated to complex non-linear epipolar geometry) is established by exterior orientation parameters (EOPs) to minimize search area, the matching is tarried out based on this line. The experiment on matching size is performed according to land cover property, which is divided off into four areas (water, urban land, forest land and agricultural land). In each of the test areas, window size for the highest correlation coefficient is selected as propel size for matching. As the results of experiment, the proper size was selected as $123{\times}123$ pixels window, $13{\times}13$ pixels window, $129{\times}129$ pixels window and $81{\times}81$ pixels window in the water area, urban land, forest land and agricultural land, respectively. Of course, determination of the matching size by the correlation coefficient may be not absolute appraisal method. Optimum matching size using the geometric accuracy therefore, will be presented by the further work.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.83-94
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• 2015

Ernst May and the New Frankfurt Initiative are well known for the urban planning and the Housings in Frankfurt a. M. Their works tend to be underestimated because of some factors such as modest attitude toward modernism design vocabulary, short period that their programs lasts, and modification/recession of project in actual construction. So, This study aims to build up the relations related to Housing, such as situation of post World War I in German Society and Frankfurt, May's cognition on the working class, and realization of rationalization as a major tools of the modernity. Ernst May considered the working class with bipolar standpoint. Ernst May and His team considered working class and those families not only as object of relief but also as potential 'modern citizens' to be disciplined; he sympathize poor conditions of working class while discriminating them by their labor charge. Acceptance of Socially Disadvantaged group in construction were also proceeded in means of recession of cost. Even Ernst May and his team did not achieved the goals that they thought they could, their Siedlung and house designs articulated the sense of modernity, which presented in rationalization with highly practical manner. Those are realized in 3 directions; respectful considerations for existing traditional factors, application of extendable logics of physical/social hygiene, and reflection of issues with standardization and mass production.