• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.1794-1805
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• 2009

This study investigates the influence of slit positions on the microclimate temperature/humidity of garments. To design the slits, a market survey was performed to indicate the method to apply the slits, in addition to a literature survey about muscles and body surface variation through body movements. Based on the survey, three positions of slits were selected, shoulder slit, lowback slit, and midback slit, a slit width of 1cm and length to 30cm was used. The results showed that microclimate temperatures/humidity on the back according to the slit positions were in the order of, lowback, midback, and the shoulder. The lowback slit showed the highest effect on the temperature/humidity of a front trunk. Lowback slits affected on localized areas of the glutaeus maximus, erector spinae, and latissimus dorsi. Midback slits affected the back muscle and deltoid. Shoulder slits showed a more significant effect on the localized area of the deltoid versus other localized areas. In the subjective sensations, the lowback slit was cooler, dryer, and more comfortable than the other slits. For the subjective sensations by fabric characteristics, the slit positions correlated at |r|${\geq}.8$ and were significant at p<.001 The results show that the lowback slit has a superior air exchange effect and thermoregulation qualities.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.9-14
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• 2011

Purpose: The pelvic tilting exercise is a well recognized rehabilitation maneuver. However, little information is available on the changes of lumbar segmental motion during pelvic tilting. This study was conducted to measure the kinematics of the pelvic tilting exercise on the supine and prone positions via fluoroscopy. Methods: A total of 10 female subjects were enrolled. During anterior, neutral, and posterior pelvic tilting, radiographs were taken in each exercise via fluoroscopy (ARCADIS Orbic, Siemens, USA). Images were sent to the picture archiving communication system (PACS), and the digitized images were analyzed using LabVIEW software (National Instruments, USA). Lumbosacral lordosis and the intervertebral body angle, intervertebral disc angle, and intervertebral displacement were analyzed. Results: The results of lumbar kinematic analysis during three tilting postures in the supine and prone positions demonstrated that lumbosacral lordosis and the intervertebral body angle and intervertebral disc angle were significantly higher when the pelvis was tilted anteriorly (p>0.05). However, there was no significant difference between anterior and neutral tilting in the intervertebral disc angle at the L3/4 level in the prone position (p>0.05), and there was no significant difference among tilting positions in intervertebral body displacement in the prone position (p>0.05). Conclusion: This study provides scientific evidence about the pelvic tilting exercise in lumbosacral segmental motion. Depending on the pelvic tilting exercise, kinematic changes were demonstrated in both positions, especially in the supine position. It is suggested that the supine position is effective for mobility, but it should be used carefully for the LBP (Low back pain) patient with hypermobility.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.49-52
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of the area of the base of support formed by the human body on the maximal voluntary isometric contraction of upper limb muscles. Methods: The study was conducted with 20 normal adults. To identify changes in the base of support, the maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the biceps muscle was measured in a standing position, a sitting position, and a lying position for each subject. The sizes of the base of support formed in the standing, sitting, and lying positions were set to 1, 2, and 3 respectively, based on the sizes, to analyze the correlations. The maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the biceps muscle was measured using surface electromyograms (EMGs) (Noraxon DTS, Germany). Results: The results showed negative correlations in which, as the size of the base of support increased, the maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the biceps muscle decreased. Conclusion: Changes in the base of support of the body affect the maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the upper limbs. Therefore, when resistance exercises are applied for muscle strengthening, the positions should be changed considering the changes in muscle activity according to those positions. In addition, when EMGs are used to measure the maximal voluntary isometric contraction, the measurements should be conducted in the same positions, considering muscle activity that changes according to the base of support and positions, for data quantification.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 2016

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the coordinates of anatomical landmarks on cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images in varied head positions before and after reorientation using image analysis software. Materials and Methods: CBCT images were taken in a normal position and four varied head positions using a dry skull marked with 3 points where gutta percha was fixed. In each of the five radiographic images, reference points were set, 20 anatomical landmarks were identified, and each set of coordinates was calculated. Coordinates in the images from the normally positioned head were compared with those in the images obtained from varied head positions using statistical methods. Post-reorientation coordinates calculated using a three-dimensional image analysis program were also compared to the reference coordinates. Results: In the original images, statistically significant differences were found between coordinates in the normal-position and varied-position images. However, post-reorientation, no statistically significant differences were found between coordinates in the normal-position and varied-position images. Conclusion: The changes in head position impacted the coordinates of the anatomical landmarks in three-dimensional images. However, reorientation using image analysis software allowed accurate superimposition onto the reference positions.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.212-221
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• 2017

Background: This study aims to calculate detector positions as a design of a radioactive source localizing radiation portal monitor (RPM) system using an improved genetic algorithm. Materials and Methods: To calculate of detector positions for a source localizing RPM system optimization problem is defined. To solve the problem, a modified iterative genetic algorithm (MIGA) is developed. In general, a genetic algorithm (GA) finds a globally optimal solution with a high probability, but it is not perfect at all times. To increase the probability to find globally optimal solution rather, a MIGA is designed by supplementing the iteration, competition, and verification with GA. For an optimization problem that is defined to find detector positions that maximizes differences of detector signals, a localization method is derived by modifying the inverse radiation transport model, and realistic parameter information is suggested. Results and Discussion: To compare the MIGA and GA, both algorithms are implemented in a MATLAB environment. The performance of the GA and MIGA and that of the procedures supplemented in the MIGA are analyzed by computer simulations. The results show that the iteration, competition, and verification procedures help to search for globally optimal solutions. Further, the MIGA is more robust against falling into local minima and finds a more reliably optimal result than the GA. Conclusion: The positions of the detectors on an RPM for radioactive source localization are optimized using the MIGA. To increase the contrast of the measurements from each detector, a relationship between the source and the detectors is derived by modifying the inverse transport model. Realistic parameters are utilized for accurate simulations. Furthermore, the MIGA is developed to achieve a reliable solution. By utilizing results of this study, an RPM for radioactive source localization has been designed and will be fabricated soon.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.1199-1205
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• 2001

There has been an increase in the public concern about possible health risks by electromagnetic exposure from mobile phones. Recently, several SAR measurement procedures have been proposed to demonstrate the compliance of mobile phone with safety limits. To determine the maximum localized SAR of a test mobile phone, the electric field distribution is measured in the head phantom with simulated tissue liquid using the probe The important parameters in SAR measurement are the E-field probe, the shape and size of phantom, the electrical parameters of simulated tissue liquid, and test position, etc. Therefore, in order to setup the measurement standard, the studies on these factors are required. In this paper, the effects of the maximum localized SAR on the test positions of mobile phones were analyzed by the numerical computation and the SAR measurement. From the results, the worst condition of commonly used positions was determined and the touch and tilted positions were adopted as test positions of the domestic SAR measurement standard.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.59-62
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• 2018

Background: Several grip strength tests are commonly used for detecting sincerity of effort. However, there is still no widely accepted standardized sincerity of effort test. Therefore, this study aimed to examine whether grip strength test in three wrist positions could distinguish between maximal and submaximal efforts. Methods: Twenty healthy individuals (10 men and 10 women) with a mean age of $26.7{\pm}3.92years$ participated in this study. All participants completed two test conditions (maximal and submaximal efforts) in three wrist positions (neutral, flexion, and extension) using both hands. Each participant exerted 100% effort in the maximal effort condition and 50% effort in the submaximal effort condition. The participants performed three repetitions of the grip strength test for each session. Results: The results showed that there is a significant main effect of the type of effort (p < 0.001), wrist position (p < 0.001), and hand (p = 0.028). There were also significant types of effort and wrist position interactions (p < 0.001) and effort and hand interactions (p < 0.028). The results also showed that grip strength was highest at the wrist in neutral position in both the maximal and the submaximal effort condition. Grip strength values of the three wrist positions in the maximal effort condition were noticeably greater than those in the submaximal effort condition. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that grip strength test in three wrist positions can differentiate a maximal effort from a submaximal effort. Thus, this test could potentially be used to detect sincerity of effort in clinical setting.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.65-69
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• 2010

As cool-season plant, Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is planted under shade-installation with tall front and low rear. However, at different planting positions, distinct differences come out because ginseng grows at the same position within 3~5 years and the growth circumstance changes a lot by the shade-installation. So, in this study, changes of temperature, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence with varieties of shading material and planting position were investigated. Light transmittances by polyethylene shade net and silver-coated shading plate as planting materials were measured according to different planting positions. Photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured by LI-6400-40 (Li-Cor). According to different planting positions, light intensity was higher in silver-coated shading plate than in polyethylene shade net, and higher at front than rear. Also, photosynthetic rate showed the same tendency, which had a positive correlation to light intensity. But this treatment caused a lower Fo compared with polyethylene shade net because of the stress by light and temperature. Also, Fv/Fm and ETR were higher in silver-coated shading plate. Fo was similar at front and rear according to silver-coated shading plate and ETR was higher at front.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.101-106
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• 2014

Objective: To investigate the appropriate position for abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) exercise by rehabilitative ultrasound image. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Twenty-eight young adults with no history of low back pain participated in the study. Three positions compared were crook lying position with hip $60^{\circ}$ flexion, standing position with the feet hip width apart and knees straight, and saddle standing positionunsupported with the knees $20^{\circ}$ flexed. Once in the appropriate position, the subjects were verbally cued to draw in their abdominal wall, with the intention of pulling their navel inward toward their lower back. The thickness of each transversus abdominis (TrA), internal oblique (IO), and external oblique (EO) muscles were measured via ultrasound and recorded at the end of inspiration. Results: When compared to the TrA thickness of rest, the TrA thickness was significantly increased in all three positions (crook lying, standing, and saddle standing) during the ADIM (p<0.05). IO thickness was significantly greater in standing and saddle standing than in crook lying (p<0.05). EO thickness was constant in all the three positions. Conclusions: The present study suggests that standing and saddle standing positions could be recommended for the ADIM to maximize recruitment of the TrA and IO activation. Specifically, the saddle standing position with knees flexed to $20^{\circ}$ was observed to increase the TrA activation more than the standing position. These findings should be considered when core stability exercises such as the ADIM are conducted.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.279-285
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to develop new digital navicular drop test (ND-NDT) equipment and to determine its validity and reliability. Methods: A total of 24 healthy male and female adults, who fully understood the purpose of the study and gave consent to participate in the study, were selected as participants. The NDT and ND-NDT were conducted in the dominant foot of the participants in a random order. For the NDT, the position of the navicular bone was marked with a pen first; then, the height of the navicular bone from the ground was measured in both sitting and standing positions. For the ND-NDT, after the sticker-type reflection markers were attached to the position of the navicular bone, the height of the navicular bone from the ground was measured in both sitting and standing positions. To assess the validity of the diagnostic tests, the same examiner measured the height of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) three times in both the sitting and standing positions. To assess the inter-rater reliability of the ND-NDT, three examiners, in a random order, attached the sticker-type reflection markers to the position of the navicular bone and then measured the height of the MLA in both positions. Results: In the sitting position, the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between the two diagnostic tests was very high (r = 0.97) and statistically significant. In the standing position, the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between the two tests was 0.95, which was also statistically significant. The ICC_2,1 values in the sitting and standing positions were 0.93 and 0.95, respectively, indicating significantly high inter-rater reliability. Conclusion: The ND-NDT equipment showed very high diagnostic validity, as well as excellent inter-rater reliability, indicating the clinical usefulness of the equipment as a diagnostic system for confirming pes planus.