• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.249-255
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• 2014

Increased consumption of a polysaccharide, ${\beta}$-glucans, in foods may prevent health related problems such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. ${\beta}$-glucans is a fibrous polysaccharide having proven both functional and medicinal properties. Recently, the FDA recommends the consumption of oat or oat products containing a total of at least 3 grams of bea-glucans per day for health improvement. The content of ${\beta}$-glucans in barley was almost four times higher than that in oat. In this study, the physicochemical and sensory characteristics and biological properties of steamed barley bread added with ramie leaf powder was investigated. The study of sensory characteristics was performed using the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA). 30 panelists were selected among our university students. They then evaluated the different sensory characteristics, such as overall preference, color, flavor, chewiness, moistness and taste. The color and texture analyses were determined using a colorimeter and texture analyser, respectively. In the sensory, color and texture evaluation, barley bread with ramie leaf showed higher values than barley bread and wheat bread did. The physiological activities were investigated through the total phenol content and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Hence, barley appears to be a suitable food resource for making bread. This study suggests that barley bread added with ramie leaf can be used as one of the processing methods in promoting the consumption of barley. It might also help with the improvement of barley food industry.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.664-672
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• 2015

In order to develop new immuno-stimulating ingredients from mature leaves of green tea, crude polysaccharides were isolated from pectinase digests of tea leaves (green tea enzyme digestion, GTE-0), after which their immuno-stimulating activities and chemical properties were examined. GTE-0 mainly contained neutral sugars (54.9%) such as glucose (14.2%), arabinose (12.2%), rhamnose (11.1%), and galacturonic acid (45.1%), which are characteristic of pectic polysaccharides. The anti-complementary activity of GTE-0 was similar to that of polysaccharide K (used as positive control). Number of morphologically activated macrophages was significantly increased in the GTE-0-treated group. GTE-0 significantly augmented $H_2O_2$ and reactive oxygen species production by murine peritoneal macrophage cells in a dose-dependent manner, whereas production of nitric oxide showed the highest activity at a dose of $100{\mu}g/mL$ among all tested concentrations. Murine peritoneal macrophages stimulated with GTE-0 showed enhanced production of various cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factors-${\alpha}$ in a dose-dependent manner. Further, GTE-0 induced higher phagocytic activity in a dose-dependent manner. In ex vivo assay for cytolytic activity of murine peritoneal macrophages, GTE-0-treated group showed significantly higher activity compared to the untreated group at an effector-to-target cell ratio of 20. The above results lead us to conclude that polysaccharides from leaves of green tea have a potent immuno-stimulating effect on murine peritoneal macrophage cells.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.53-62
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• 2013

Purpose: The cross-protection of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) against vaccine-related serotypes has been controversial. We investigated the serological properties of cross-protective antibodies against vaccine-related serotypes 6A, 6C, and 19A induced in young children aged 12-23 months after booster immunization of PCV7. Methods: IgG and IgM antibody concentrations and opsonic index (OI) against vaccine serotypes 6B and 19F and vaccine-related serotypes 6A, 6C, and 19A were measured by ELISA and opsonophagocytic killing assay (OPA) in 4 selected immunesera. The serological properties and antigenic specificity of protective antibodies were determined by IgM depletion of immunesera, OPA, and competitive OPA against serogroup 6 and 19 pneumococci. Results: Compared to pre-IgM depleted immunesera, OI of IgM-depleted immunesera against 6B and 19F decreased and OI against 6A, 6C, and 19A decreased, too. In competition OPA, free 6B and 19F polysaccharide completely inhibited the immune protection against vaccine-related serotypes 6A, 6C, and 19A as well as vaccine types 6B and 19F. Conclusions: The booster immunization of PCV7 certainly induced cross-protective antibodies against vaccine-related serotypes 6A, 6C, and 19A with both IgG and IgM isotypes. Furthermore, IgM antibodies are more highly contributed to opsonophagocytic activity against vaccine-related serotypes as well as most of vaccine types than do IgG antibodies. Further studies are needed for the more immunized sera in the children as well as adults.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.7
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• pp.949-955
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• 2011

[ ${\beta}$ ]Glucan is a polysaccharide expressed on the cell walls of fungi. It is known that ${\beta}$-glucan is recognized by a family of C-type lectin receptors, dectin-1, which is expressed mainly on myeloid immune cells, including macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells. Raw 264.7 cells were treated with ${\beta}$-glucan from Schizophyllum commune. ${\beta}$-Glucan was not cytotoxic up to 400 ${\mu}g$/mL as measured by MTT assay. To measure the activity of macrophages, NO and TNF-${\alpha}$ assays were performed in Raw 264.7 cells. Treatment with ${\beta}$-glucan for 24 hr significantly increased production of NO and TNF-${\alpha}$ compared with control groups (p<0.05), indicating activation of macrophages. To measure inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation, MTT assay was performed in MDA-MB-231 cells. Cell viability was significantly decreased in the group treated with 400 ${\mu}g$/mL of ${\beta}$-glucan for 48 hr (p<0.05) compared to the control group. However, tumor volume was decreased in the groups administered 200 ${\mu}g$ of ${\beta}$-glucan/mouse compared to the control group. These results indicate that ${\beta}$-glucan inhibits breast cancer cell growth through the induction of apoptosis.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.473-481
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the contents of ginsenosides and physiochemical properties of Panax ginseng after 9 times steaming and drying treatment by using the new auto steamer which is more fast and simple than previous report. In the process of steaming and drying, the content of six major ginsenosides such as Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2 and Rd were gradually decreased. On the other hand, the content of seven minor ginsenosides includes Rh1, 20(S)-Rg2, 20(R)-Rg2, 20(S)-Rg3, 20(R)-Rg3, Rk1 and Rg5 were gradually increased. We observed the protopanxadiol ginsenosides such as Rb1, Rb2, Rc and Rd were converted into 20(S)-Rg3, 20(R)-Rg3, Rk1 and Rg5; similarly protopanxatriol ginsenosides of Rg1 and Re were converted into Rh1, 20(S)-Rg2 and 20(R)-Rg2. Based on the result of fresh ginseng, the contents of reducing sugar, acidic polysaccharide and total phenolic compounds were gradually increased and reached to maximum at 7 times repetitive steaming process of the fresh ginseng. Whereas DPPH radical scavenging activities were gradually decreased to 68% at 7 times steaming. New auto 9 repetitive steaming and drying process has similar production with original methods, but content of benzo(a)pyrene were not almost detected comparatively taking less time. The present results suggested that this method is best for the development of value-added ginseng industry related products.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.180-186
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• 2001

Bone marrow cell proliferating arabinogalactan-like polysaccharide (ALR-3IIa-1-1) has been purified from rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea DC. In order to characterize the essential structure of ALR-3IIa-1-1 for expression of the activity, sequential enzymatic digestion using ego-$\alpha$-L-arabinofurasidase (AFase) and ego-$\beta$-D-(1longrightarrow3)-galactanase (GNase) was employed. After ALR-3IIa-1-1 was digested with the AFase, the GNase digestion cleaved only 10% and 23% of 3-linked and 3,6-branched galactose, respectively, from arabinose-trimmed ALR-3IIa-1-1 (AT-ALR-3IIa-1-1), and gave small amounts of intermediate size (AT-G-2) and shorter oligosaccharides (AT-G-3) fractions in addition to a large amount of the GNase resistant fraction (AT-G-1). When AT-G-1 was redigested gradually with the AFase and GNase, it released trace amounts of oligosaccharides in addition to a large amount of the resistant fraction. When the final enzyme-resistant fraction from AT-G-1 was digested simultaneously with both AFase and GNase, the resistant fraction was significantly degraded into two long fragments (3AT-3G-1 and 2). The mixture of digestion products from the first GNase digestion of AT-ALR-3IIa-1-1 showed a significantly decreased bone marrow cell proliferation activity to about 30% of the activity of ALR-3IIa-1-1, but the GNase resistant fraction (AT-7-1) still had significant activity. Although the second gradual enzymatic digestion of AT-G-1 showed a marginal decrease in activity, the resulting fragments (3AT-3G-1 and 2) by the final simultaneous enzymatic digestion lost most of the activity. Component sugar, methylation and FAB-MS analyses indicated that the digestion products (AT-G-21 AT-G-31 2AT-2G-2 and 2AT-2G-3) released from AT-ALR-3IIa-1-1 by the sequential enzymatic digestion contained galactose-containing oligosaccharides mainly comprising 6-linked galactose, that some of which were partially arabinosylated, and these oligosaccharides were attached to $\beta$-D-(1longrightarrow3)-galactan backbone in its non-reducing terminal side as side chains.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.23 no.3 s.74
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• pp.209-225
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• 1995

Ganoderan, antitumor ${\beta}-glucan$ from Ganoderma lucidum was extracted from the mycelium of G.lucidum IY009 which was cultured in various carbon sources. The mycelium was shown to be capable of utilizing various carbon sources, e.g., soluble starch, fructose and glucose, and differs in morphology on carbon sources. In radioisotope assay, about $5.2{\sim}16%$ of glucose was to be incorporated in ganoderan of the mycelium. The monosugars of these ganoderan were mainly consisted of glucose, mannose, galactose. The galactose was not good carbon source for growing the mycelium but the best carbon source for producing the potentialized-ganoderan on the antitumor and anticomplementary activity. The tumor inhibition ratio of ganoderan-GAL, obtained from galactose medium, was 83.6% at the dose of 20 mg/kg/day. This crude polysaccaride was composed of five monosaccharide and the protein contained 16 amino acids. Also, ganoderan-GAL increased the anticomplementary activity than that obtained from any other media. This fact suggests that the structural differences of ganoderan influence the antitumor and anticomplementary activity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1488-1495
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of post-harvest storage duration and wheat variety on the digestibility and energy content of new season wheat fed to finishing pigs. Two wheat varieties (Shi and Zhong) were harvested in 2013 and stored in the warehouse of the Fengning Pig Experimental Base at China Agricultural University for 3, 6, 9, or 12 mo. For each storage period, 12 barrows were placed in metabolism crates and allotted to diets containing 1 of the 2 wheat varieties in a randomized complete block design. The experimental diets contained 97.34% wheat and 2.66% of a vitamin and trace mineral premix. With an extension of storage duration from 3 mo to 12 mo, the gross energy (GE) and crude protein (CP) of the wheat decreased by 2.0% and 12.01%, respectively, while the concentration of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and starch content increased by 30.26%, 19.08%, and 2.46%, respectively. Total non-starch polysaccharide, total arabinose, total xylose and total mannose contents decreased by 46.27%, 45.80%, 41.71%, and 75.66%, respectively. However, there were no significant differences in the chemical composition between the two wheat varieties with the exception of ADF which was approximately 13.37% lower in Shi. With an extension of storage duration from 3 mo to 12 mo, the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME) content and the apparent total tract digestibility of GE, CP, dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, ADF and metabolizability of energy in wheat decreased linearly (p<0.01) by 5.74%, 7.60%, 3.75%, 3.88%, 3.50%, 2.47%, 26.22%, 27.62%, and 3.94%, respectively. But the digestibility of NDF changed quadratically (p<0.01). There was an interaction between wheat variety and storage time for CP digestibility (p<0.05), such that the CP digestibility of variety Zhong was stable during 9 mo of storage, while the CP digestibility of variety Shi decreased (p<0.05). In conclusion, the GE, DE, and ME of wheat was stable during the first 3 to 6 mo of post-harvest storage, and decreased during the following 6 to 12 mo of storage under the conditions of this study.

• ALGAE
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.111-119
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• 2013

Marine microalgae are a promising source of organisms that can be cultured and targeted to isolate the broad spectrum of functional metabolites. In this study, two species of cyanobacteria, Chlorella ovalis Butcher and Nannchloropsis oculata Droop, one species of bacillariophyta, Phaeoductylum tricornutum Bohlin, and one species of Dinophyceae, Amphidinium carterae (Hulburt) were cultured and biomasses used to evaluate the proximate comical compositions. Among the determined proximate chemical compositions of the cultured marine microalgae, the highest content of crude proteins and lipids were exhibited in P. tricornutum and A. carterae, respectively. Solvent-solvent partition chromatography was subjected to fractionate each of the cultured species and separated n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions. Nitric oxide production inhibitory level (%) and cytotoxicity effect on lipo-polysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages were performed to determine the anti-inflammatory activity. N. oculata hexane and chloroform fractions showed significantly the strongest anti-inflammatory activity at $6.25{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ concentration. The cancer cell growth inhibition (%) was determined on three different cell lines including HL-60 (a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line), A549 (a human lung carcinoma cell line), and B16F10 (a mouse melanoma cell line), respectively. Among the extracts, C. ovalis ethyl acetate and A. carterae chloroform fractions suppressed the growth of HL-60 cells significantly at 25 and $50{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ concentrations. Thus, the cultured marine microalgae solvent extracts may have potentiality to isolate pharmacologically active metabolites further using advance chromatographic steps. Hence, the cultured marine microalgae can be described as a good candidate for the future therapeutic uses.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2005.05b
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• pp.1378-1382
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• 2005

여름철 집중강우시 유입되는 고탁수층은 저수지의 밀도성층으로 인하여 표수층 하부에 위치하며, 이를 적기에 배제하지 않을 경우에는 수평방향의 확산현상과 연직방향의 전도현상으로 인해 저수지 전역에 분포하게 되어, 탁수현상의 장기화를 유발한다. 이와 같은 탁수장기화에 대한 저수지내 대책의 하나로서 홍수유입후 탁도가 높은 물을 단기간동안 방류하고, 갈수기에는 탁도가 낮은 물을 방류하는 선택취수 기법을 적용할 수 있다. 임하댐의 경우, 2004년 태풍 '디앤무'와 태풍 '메기'로 인해 발생한 탁수를 선택취수를 통하여 조기에 배제함으로써 호내탁도를 저감시킨 바 있다. 그러나 이와 같은 고탁수 우선배제 기법은 반드시 하류하천의 영향범위를 사전에 분석검토하고, 하류하천의 수질현황을 고려한 합리적인 운영방안이 제시되어야 한다. 2004년 태풍 '디앤무' 발생직후의 댐방수로에서 170 NTU의 고탁수를 방류한 경우, 유하거리 250 km인 지점까지 30 NTU이상 유지된 바 있으며, 태풍 '메기'에 의한 고탁수 유입시, 임하댐 방류수 157 NTU, 안동댐 방류수 37 NTU인 경우에 임하댐 하류 113 km인 구미 선산 취수장까지 63 NTU의 탁도가 유지된 바 있다. 현재 임하댐의 경우, 하류하천으로의 방류수 수질을 모니터링할 수 있는 자동수질측정시스템이 발전취수탑 전면 1개소, 조정지댐 1개소에 설치되어 있다. 본 연구에서는 자동수질측정시스템과 연계하여 수질모형을 통하여 임하댐 하류하천인 낙동강 본류의 탁도관리시스템을 구축하고자 하였다. 환경부의 수질측정망 자료를 통하여 최근 3년간의 부유사농도의 변화양상을 분석하였으며, 태풍 직후의 낙동강 주요지점별 탁도측정자료를 이용하여 임하댐 고탁도방류에 의한 영향범위를 분석하였다. 또한 하천수질모형을 이용하여 탁수예측방법에 대하여 검토하였고, 이를 이용한 탁도관리시스템 구축을 위한 기본 방향을 제시하고자 한다.함께, 2단계에 (주)웹솔루스에서 자체적으로 설치 운영하고 있는 2개소의 하수관거 모니터링 관측시설, 그리고 안양시에서 운영하고 있는 5개소의 강우관측소와 7개소의 수위관측소를 모두 통합하여 실시간 자료를 제공하고 있다. 수위자료는 10분단위의 텍스트정보와 그래프형태로 지원되며, 검색기간 설정을 통해 원하는 기간내의 자료를 선별, 검색할 수 있다.. 또한 이와 같은 기초적인 정보를 바탕으로 하류하천의 탁수 피해를 최소화할 수 있는 선택취수탑의 운영방안을 수립할 수 있다 본 연구에서는 이를 위해 선택취수탑 주위의 성층흐름을 기존의 실험자료와 수치해석을 통하여 분석하였고, 온도성층구조나 취수구의 위치변화에 따른 방류수 수질특성을 조사하였다.쇄파대(artifical reef)와 같은 완충지대를 갖는 호안을 축조함으로써 월파량을 감소시키는 대안으로 제시하고자 한다. 본 연구 수행을 통해 태풍 내습시 발생 가능한 자연재해에 대한 사전 방지를 목적으로 태풍피해의 원인을 제시하고 이를 해결하여 현재의 방재대책이 항구적인 방재대책으로 전환될 수 있는 방안 마련의 기초 자료로 활용되기를 기대한다., L-arabinose, 및 D-galactose; 제3차(第三次) 가수분해물(加水分解物)(C)에서 L-rhamnose, D-xylose, L-arabinose 및 D-galactose, 비가수분해물(非加水分解物)(C')에서 D-xylose와 D-galactose를 검출(檢出)하였다. (4) 구성당(構成糖)의 형태(形態)와 구조(構造)를 밝히기 위(爲)해 polysaccharide C에 대한 periodate산화(酸化) 실험(實驗)을 하여 $C_5H_8O_4$당(當) periodate의 소비(消費)와 formic acid의 생성량(生成量)을 측정(測定)하였는데 periodate의 소비량(消費量)은 1.23 mole, formic acid의 생성량(生成量)