Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (아세아태평양축산학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of Post-harvest Storage Duration and Variety on Nutrient Digestibility and Energy Content Wheat in Finishing Pigs

  • Guo, P.P. (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University) ;
  • Li, P.L. (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University) ;
  • Li, Z.C. (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University) ;
  • Stein, H.H. (Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois) ;
  • Liu, L. (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University) ;
  • Xia, T. (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University) ;
  • Yang, Y.Y. (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University) ;
  • Ma, Y.X. (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University)
  • Received : 2015.01.07
  • Accepted : 2015.04.10
  • Published : 2015.10.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of post-harvest storage duration and wheat variety on the digestibility and energy content of new season wheat fed to finishing pigs. Two wheat varieties (Shi and Zhong) were harvested in 2013 and stored in the warehouse of the Fengning Pig Experimental Base at China Agricultural University for 3, 6, 9, or 12 mo. For each storage period, 12 barrows were placed in metabolism crates and allotted to diets containing 1 of the 2 wheat varieties in a randomized complete block design. The experimental diets contained 97.34% wheat and 2.66% of a vitamin and trace mineral premix. With an extension of storage duration from 3 mo to 12 mo, the gross energy (GE) and crude protein (CP) of the wheat decreased by 2.0% and 12.01%, respectively, while the concentration of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and starch content increased by 30.26%, 19.08%, and 2.46%, respectively. Total non-starch polysaccharide, total arabinose, total xylose and total mannose contents decreased by 46.27%, 45.80%, 41.71%, and 75.66%, respectively. However, there were no significant differences in the chemical composition between the two wheat varieties with the exception of ADF which was approximately 13.37% lower in Shi. With an extension of storage duration from 3 mo to 12 mo, the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME) content and the apparent total tract digestibility of GE, CP, dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, ADF and metabolizability of energy in wheat decreased linearly (p<0.01) by 5.74%, 7.60%, 3.75%, 3.88%, 3.50%, 2.47%, 26.22%, 27.62%, and 3.94%, respectively. But the digestibility of NDF changed quadratically (p<0.01). There was an interaction between wheat variety and storage time for CP digestibility (p<0.05), such that the CP digestibility of variety Zhong was stable during 9 mo of storage, while the CP digestibility of variety Shi decreased (p<0.05). In conclusion, the GE, DE, and ME of wheat was stable during the first 3 to 6 mo of post-harvest storage, and decreased during the following 6 to 12 mo of storage under the conditions of this study.

Keywords

References

  1. Anderson, D. M. and J. M. Bell. 1983. The digestibility by pigs of dry matter, energy, protein and amino acids in wheat cultivars. II. Fifteen cultivars grown in two years, compared with Bonanza and Fergus barleys, and 3CW-Grade hard red spring wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 63:393-406. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps83-045
  2. Annison, G. 1993. The role of wheat non-starch polysaccharides in broiler nutrition. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 44:405-422.
  3. AOAC International. 2007. Official Methods of Analysis. 18th ed. AOAC Int., Arlington, VA, USA.
  4. Batterham, E. S., C. E. Lewis, R. F. Lowe, and C. J. McMillan. 1980. Digestible energy content of cereals and wheat byproducts for growing pigs. Anim. Prod. 31:259-271. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003356100024594
  5. Bell, J. M., A. Shires, and M. O. Keith. 1983. Effect of hull and protein contents of barley on protein and energy digestibility and feeding value for pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 63:201-211. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas83-023
  6. Cadogan, D. J., M. Choct, and R. G. Campbell. 2003. Effects of storage time and exogenous xylanase supplementation of new season wheats on the performance of young male pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 83:105-112. https://doi.org/10.4141/A02-020
  7. Choct, M. and B. Hughes. 2000. The new season grain phenomenon: The role of endogenous glycanases in the nutritive value of cereal grains in broiler chickens. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Armidale, Australia. pp. 1-49.
  8. Choct, M. and R. J. Hughes. 1997. The nutritive value of new season grains for poultry. In: Recent Advancements in Animal Nutrition in Australia (Eds. J. L. Corbett, M. Choct, J. V. Nolan, and J. B. Rowe). University of New England, Armidale, Australia. pp. 146-150.
  9. Choct, M. and R. J. Hughes. 1999. Effect of storage on the value of cereal grains for poultry. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Australian Poultry and Feed Convention (Ed. M. Murrell). Gold Coast, Australia. pp. 223-239.
  10. Choct, M., R. J. Hughes, and G. Annison. 1999. Apparent metabolisable energy and chemical composition of Australian wheat in relation to environmental factors. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 50:447-451. https://doi.org/10.1071/A98155
  11. Dusel, G., H. Kluge, K. Glaser, O. Simon, G. Hartmann, J. V. Lengerken, and H. Jeroch. 1997. An investigation into the variability of extract viscosity of wheat-relationship with the content of non-starch-polysaccharide fractions and metabolisable energy for broiler chickens. Archiv. Tierernaehr. 50:121-135. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450399709386125
  12. Englyst, H. N. and G. J. Hudson. 2001. Dietary fiber analysis as nonstarch polysaccharides. In: Dietray Fiber in Human Nutrition (Ed. G. A. Spiller). 3rd. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA. pp. 67-82.
  13. Gong, K. J. and L. R. Chen. 2013. Characterization of carbohydrates and their metabolizing enzymes related to the eating quality of postharvest fresh waxy corn. J. Food Biochem.34:619-627.
  14. Gutierrez-Alamo, A., P. Perez de Ayala, M. W. A. Verstegen, L. A. D. Hartog, and M. J. Villamide. 2008. Variability in wheat: Factors affecting its nutritional value. World Poult. Sci. J. 64:20-39. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933907001699
  15. Huyghebaert, G. and F. J. Schoner. 1999. Influence of storage and addition of enzyme on metabolisable energy content of wheat 1. Impact of storage and enzyme addition. Archiv fur Geflugelkunde 63:13-20.
  16. Jood, S., A. C. Kapoor, and R. Singh. 1993. Available carbohydrates of cereal grains as affected by storage and insect infestation. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 43:45-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01088095
  17. Kim, J. C., B. P. Mullan, P. H. Simmins, and J. R. Pluske. 2003. Variation in the chemical composition of wheats grown in Western Australia as influenced by variety, growing region, season, and post-harvest storage. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 54:541-550. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR02183
  18. Kim, J. C., P. H. Simmins, B. P. Mullan, and J. R. Pluske. 2005. The digestible energy value of wheat for pigs, with special reference to the post-weaned animal. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 122:257-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.02.022
  19. Knudsen, K. E. B. 1997. Carbohydrate and lignin contents of plant materials used in animal feeding. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 67:319-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(97)00009-6
  20. Knudsen, K. E. B. and H. Jorgensen. 2001. Intestinal degradation of dietary carbohydrates-from birth to maturity. In: Digestive Physiology of Pigs (Eds. J. E. Lindberg, and B. Ogle). CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK. pp. 109-120.
  21. Kong, C. and O. Adeola. 2014. Invited review: Evaluation of amino acid and energy utilization in feedstuff for swine and poultry diets. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 27:917-925. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2014.r.02
  22. Kopinski, J. 1997. Characteristics of cereal grains affecting energy value. In: Pig Research and Development Corporation Final Report DAQ35P. Pig Research and Development Corporation, Canberra, Australia.
  23. Lloyd, L. E. and E. W. Crampton. 1955. The apparent digestibility of the crude protein of the pig ration as a function of its crude protein and crude fiber content. J. Anim. Sci.14:693-699. https://doi.org/10.1093/ansci/14.3.693
  24. Metayer, J. P., F. Grosjean, and J. Castaing. 1993. Study of variability in french cereals. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 43:87-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(93)90145-A
  25. National Research Council. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th Ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC, USA.
  26. National Research Council. 2012. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 11th Ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC, USA.
  27. Noblet, J. and J. M. Perez. 1993. Prediction of digestibility of nutrients and energy values of pig diets from chemical analysis. J. Anim. Sci. 71:3389-3398. https://doi.org/10.2527/1993.71123389x
  28. Regmi, P. R., N. S. Ferguson, and R. T. Zijlstra. 2009. In vitro digestibility techniques to predict apparent total tract energy digestibility of wheat in grower pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 87:3620-3629. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2008-1739
  29. Rehman, Z. U. 2006. Storage effects on nutritional quality of commonly consumed cereals. Food Chem. 95:53-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.12.017
  30. Rehman, Z. U. and W. H. Shah. 1999. Biochemical changes in wheat during storage at three temperatures. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 54:109-117. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008178101991
  31. Rose, S. P. and M. Bedford. 1995. Relationship between the metabolisable energies of wheat samples and the productive performance of broilers. Br. Poult. Sci. 36:864-865.
  32. Scott, T. A. and A. B. Pierce. 2001. The effect of storage of cereal grain and enzyme supplementation on measurements of AME and broiler chick performance. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 81:237-243. https://doi.org/10.4141/A00-061
  33. Scott, T. A., F. G. Silversides, H. L. Classen, M. L. Swift, and M. R. Bedford. 1998. Comparison of sample source (excreta or ileal digesta) and age of broiler chick on measurement of apparent digestible energy of wheat and barley. Poult. Sci. 77:456-463. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/77.3.456
  34. Smith, W. C., P. J. Moughan, G. Person, and K. A. C. James. 1987. Comparative bioavailable energy values of five ground cereal grains measured with growing rats and pigs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 18:143-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(87)90043-5
  35. Steenfeldt, S. 2001. The dietary effect of different wheat cultivars for broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci. 42:595-609. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660120088416
  36. Thiex, N. J., S. Anderson, and B. Gildemeister. 2003. Crude fat, diethyl ether extraction, in feed, cereal grain, and forage (Randall/Soxtec/Submersion method): Collaborative study. J. AOAC. Int. 86:888-898.
  37. Van Soest, P. J., J. B. Robertson, and B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74:3583-3597. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2
  38. Wiseman, J. 2000. Correlation between physical measurements and dietary energy values of wheat for poultry and pigs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 84:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(00)00107-3
  39. Zijlstra, R. T., C. F. M. de Lange, and J. F. Patience. 1999. Nutritional value of wheat for growing pigs: Chemical composition and digestible energy content. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 79:187-194. https://doi.org/10.4141/A98-103

Cited by

  1. Comparative digestibility of energy and nutrients in four fibrous ingredients fed to barrows at three different initial body weights pp.1918-1825, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1139/CJAS-2017-0094
  2. Effects of variety and storage duration on the nutrient digestibility and the digestible and metabolisable energy content of maize fed to growing pigs vol.71, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2016.1226034
  3. Agri-Food Side-Stream Inclusions in the Diet of Alphitobius diaperinus Part 1: Impact on Larvae Growth Performance Parameters vol.11, pp.2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11020079
  4. Influence of Harvesting Methods and Timings on Yield and Quality of Selected Bread Wheat Varieties vol.39, pp.4, 2020, https://doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2004.20