• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.233-239
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• 1997

Glibenclamide is a second generation sulfonylurea that is orally active as a hypoglycemic drug. It exists as a crystalline powder which is sparingly soluble in water. It was investigated that the potential of glibenclamide to exhibit polymorphism. Three polymorphic modifications (form 1, form 2 and form 3) and three pseudopolymorphic modifications (form 4, form 5 and form 6) were obtained by crystallization from different organic solvents. The isolated crystal forms were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) and X-ray crystallography powder diffraction studies. Form 1 was the most stable and melt at $175.4^{\circ}C$. Form 2 was metastable and melt at $151.0^{\circ}C$. Form 3 was a new polymorphic modification because it was different from form 1 and form 2 in X-ray crystallography powder diffraction data. Form 4 was a 1 : 7(toluene : glibenclamide) toluene solvate; form 5 was a 1 : 5(toluene : glibenclamide) toluene solvate; form 6 was a 3 : 8(pentanol : glibenclamide) pentanol solvate. All forms were stable in 3-month storage under 0% or 100% humidity condition. The dissolution rate of form 4 was highest; those of form 2, form 3, form 1, form 5 and form 6 followed.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.425-439
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• 2011

A review of the development history of interatomic potential models for ionic materials was carried out paying attention to the way of future development of an interatomic potential model that can cover ionic, covalent and metallic bonding materials simultaneously. Earlier pair potential models based on fixed point charges with and without considering the electronic polarization effect were found to satisfactorily describe the fundamental physical properties of crystalline oxides (Ti oxides, $SiO_2$, for example) and their polymorphs, However, pair potential models are limited in dealing with pure elements such as Ti or Si. Another limitation of the fixed point charge model is that it cannot describe the charge variation on individual atoms depending on the local atomic environment. Those limitations lead to the development of many-body potential models(EAM or Tersoff), a charge equilibration (Qeq) model, and a combination of a many-body potential model and the Qeq model. EAM+Qeq can be applied to metal oxides, while Tersoff+Qeq can be applied to Si oxides. As a means to describe reactions between Si oxides and metallic elements, the combination of 2NN MEAM that can describe both covalent and metallic elements and the Qeq model is proposed.

• 반도체디스플레이기술학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.98-102
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• 2021

GaOOH is obtained via hydrothermal synthesis procedure. The formed GaOOH is turned into α-Ga₂O₃ at 500℃ annealing. As the annealing temperatures increase the α-Ga₂O₃ is in part turned into β-Ga₂O₃ and fully turned into β-Ga₂O₃ after 1100℃. XPS and PL results reveal that heterojunction interface between α-Ga₂O₃ and β-Ga₂O₃ become maxim at 500℃ annealing condition, which result in the highest photocatalytic activity. The presence of heterojunction interface slows down the recombination process by separating photogenerated electron-hole pairs and thereby enhance the overall photocatalytic activity.

• 폴리머
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.745-755
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• 2012

Two types of polymers were tested in this study; poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) as a synthetic example and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as a natural polymer. DSC analyses showed that the use of nanofiller increased the degree of crystallinity ($X_c$) of both PET and PLA polymers, but the effect was more noticeable on PET nanocomposites. The crystallization of PLA and PET nanocomposites occurred at higher temperatures in comparison to neat polymers. According to dynamic mechanical-thermal analysis (DMTA), the damping factor of PET/$TiO_2$ nanoparticles decreased compared to the neat matrix, but for PLA nanocomposites the opposite trend was observed. Results of the mechanical test showed that for both PET and PLA nanocomposites, the most successful toughening effect was observed at 3 wt% loading of $TiO_2$ nanoparticles. SEM micrographs revealed uniform distribution of $TiO_2$ nanoparticles at 1 and 3 wt% loading levels. The results of WAXD spectra explained that the polymorphs of PLA and PET was not affected by $TiO_2$ nanoparticles. UV-visible spectra showed that $TiO_2$ nanocomposite films had high ultraviolet shielding compared to neat polymer, but there was significant reduction in transparency.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.44-58
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• 2002

지금까지 기재되지 않았던 새로운 tridymite의 동질다형상의 하나로 비조화 변조상("IC상")을 확인하였다. IC상의 격자형은 L1상과 같은 대칭성을 가진 단사정계(Bb)로 분석되나, 기하학적인 격자 구조는 오히려 L3샅의 바탕 구조와 같으며 L3상과는 다른 형태의 변조구조를 갖는다(변조 벡터 q=0.22 $c*_{H}$ ; $\lambda$ 37 ).편, Ll상의 전자 회절도형에서 보여주는 독특한 분산 회절곡선은 원자 특히 산소 원자의 동적 비배열(dynamic disorder)이 상온에서도 일어날 수 있음을 암시해 준다. Tridymite 시료의 분쇄에 의한 Ll상에서 L3상으로의 상전이는 점진적이기는 하나 매우 두드러지게 일어난다: Ll$\longrightarrow$LI+IC$\longrightarrow$IC+L3$\longrightarrow$L3. 그러나, 분쇄에 의한 상전이의 구체적인 과정은 각 입자의 국부적인 응력 상태와 미세구조의 발달 상태와 밀접한 관련이 있음이 이번 연구를 통해 드러났다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.941-948
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• 2009

The present study aims at the examination of the effects of 1 mol% NiO addition on the reaction, microstructure development, resultant electrical properties, and especially the bulk trap and interface state levels of $ZnO-Bi_2O_3-Sb_2O_3$ (Sb/Bi=0.5, 1.0, and 2.0) systems (ZBS). The samples were prepared by conventional ceramic process, and characterized by density, XRD, SEM, I-V, impedance and modulus spectroscopy (IS & MS) measurement. The sintering and electrical properties of Ni-doped ZBS (ZBSN) systems were controlled by Sb/Bi ratio. Pyrochlore ($Zn_2Bi_3Sb_3O_{14}$) was decomposed more than $100^{\circ}C$ lowered in ZBS (Sb/Bi=1.0) by Ni doping. The reproduction of pyrochlore was suppressed by the addition of Ni in ZBS. Between two polymorphs of $Zn_7Sb_2O_{12}$ spinel ($\alpha$ and $\beta$), microstructure of ZBSN (Sb/Bi=0.5) composed of a-spinel was more homogeneous than $Sb/Bi{\geq}1.0$ composed of $\beta$-spinel phase. In ZBSN, the varistor characteristics were not improved drastically (non-linear coefficient $\alpha\;=\;6{\sim}11$) and independent on microstructure according to Sb/Bi ratio. Doping of Ni to ZBS seemed to form ${V_0}^{\cdot}$ (0.33 eV) as dominant bulk defect. From IS & MS, especially the grain boundaries of Sb/Bi=0.5 systems were divided into two types, i.e. sensitive to oxygen and thus electrically active one and electrically inactive intergranular one with temperature.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.168-177
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• 2015

Shell waste from the butter clam Saxidomus purpuratus and littleneck clam Ruditapes philippinarum is a large by-product of shellfish aquaculture, and it is desirable to convert it into value-added products for industrial applications. In this study, calcium carbonate (CaC) polymorphs from butter clam (BCSP) and littleneck clam (LCSP) shell powders and commercial CaC were characterized using Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that the optimal calcination conditions to eliminate organic substances and improve solubility for both BCSP and LCSP were $800^{\circ}C$ for 8 h in an electrical furnace. Calcination improved the white index of the butter clam (BCCP) and littleneck clam (LCCP) calcined powder compared with shell powders. The calcium content in BCCP (51.1%) was higher than that of LCCP (44.9%) or commercial calcium oxide (CaO, 44.7%). The XRD patterns of BCCP and LCCP were similar to that of CaO. Cubic-like crystals of CaC and irregular crystals of BCCP and LCCP were observed by SEM. The FT-IR and XRD analyses revealed the presence of calcite and aragonite in the BCSP and aragonite in the LCSP, whereas the CaC contained calcite. These results indicate that butter and littleneck clam shells are potential biomass resources for calcium carbonate and calcium oxide.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2012

$TiO_2$의 동질이상체 중 하나인 아나타제는 고압 하에서 결정의 크기와 모양에 따라 다른 상변이 경로를 보이는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 실험에 이용된 아나타제 분말시료는 15~25 nm 정도 크기의 입자로 구성되어 있으며, 고압라만분광분석 결과와 고압 X-선회절실험결과 분석을 종합하면 20 GPa 이상의 압력에서 비정질로 상변이하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 상온에서 압력의 영향으로 상변이한 비정질 구조는 압력을 제거하여도 출발 결정구조로 회귀하지 않는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이 결과는 베델레이트로 상변이하는 이전의 결과와 상치되며, 출발시료 구성입자의 분급상태가 입자의 불안정성에 영향을 끼쳐 최종적으로 비정질화에 기여한 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제38권9호
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• pp.632-639
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• 1994

가시부 영역에서 산화아연을 광증감시키기 위해 copper phthalocyanine(CuPc)과 sunfast yellow(SY)를 산화아연 분말에 이층 흡착시켰다. 산화아연에 대한 CuPc의 흡착상태를 알기 위하여 ZnO/CuPc의 광음향, IR 및 라만 스펙트럼을 측정한 결과, CuPc는 $\alpha$형 및 $\beta$형의 결정 특성을 유지한 이합체 또는 분자들의 집합체 상태로 산화아연에 흡착된다는 것을 알았다. 산화아연에 CuPc 및 SY를 순차적으로 이층 흡착시킨계(ZnO/CuPc/SY)는 SY를 먼저 흡착시킨 ZnO/SY/CuPc계보다 광기전력이 높게 나타났고, $ZnO/\beta-CuPc/SY$는 $ZnO/\alpha-CuPc/SY$보다 광기전력이 높게 나타났다. $ZnO/\beta-CuPc/SY$의 전자사진 감도를 측정하였더니 630 nm에서 $$S_{1/2}=2.99{\times}10^{-2}(erg/cm^2)^{-1}$ 이었다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.443-452
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• 2004

Habit is the description of the outer appearance of a crystal. If the environment of a growing crystal affects its external shape without changing its internal structure, a different habit results. Crystal habit and the internal structure of a drug can affect bulk and physicochemical properties, which range from flowability to chemical stability. A polymorph is a solid crystalline phase of a given compound resulting from the possibility of at least two different arrangements of the molecules of that compound in the solid state. Chemical stability and solubility changes due to polymorphism can have an impact on a drug's bioavailability and its development program. During crystallization from a solution, crystals separating may consist of a pure component or be a molecular compound. Solvates are molecular complexes that have incorporated the crystallizing solvent molecule in their lattice. When the solvent incorporated in the solvate is water, it is called a hydrate. To distinguish solvates from polymorphs, which are not molecular compounds, the term pseudopolymorph is used. Identification of possible hydrate compounds is important since their aqueous solubilities can be significantly less than their anhydrous forms. Conversion of an anhydrous compound to a hydrate within the dosage form may reduce the dissolution rate and extent of drug absorption. An amorphous solid may be treated as a supercooled liquid in which the arrangement of molecules is random. Amorphous solids lack the three-dimensional long-range order found in crystalline solids. Since amorphous forms are usually of higher thermodynamic energy than corresponding crystalline forms, solubilities as well as dissolution rates are generally greater. A study on crystal form includes characterization of (l)crystal habit, (2)polymorphism, (3)pseudopolymorphism, (4)amorphous solid.