• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.309-315
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• 2019

To enumerate Staphylococcus aureus in food, Baird-Parker Agar (BPA) is usually used in the conventional method, However it requires time and space for the preparation and plating, and incubation. Thus, use of the $3M^{TM}$ $Petrifilm^{TM}$ Staph Express Count Plate (STX Petrifilm) might be appropriate to solve these challenging problems. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficiency of STX Petrifilm with BPA for enumeration of S. aureus in various foods. A mixture of S. aureus strains ATCC29213, ATCC25923, and ATCC13565 was inoculated on marinated pork chop, beef (chuck tender), dried filefish, semi-dried squid, rice cake, and Japchae (stir-fried glass noodles) at 2, 3, 5, and 7 Log CFU/g. S. aureus cell counts were enumerated by spread-plating on STX Petrifilm and BPA after 0 and 24 hours at $4^{\circ}C$ (marinated pork chop, beef, semi-dried squid, and stir-fried glass noodles) and $25^{\circ}C$ (dried filefish and rice cake). Recovery of STX Petrifilm for S. aureus from various food samples was compared with BPA, and the results showed that there were no significant differences between two selective media in all cases. The results indicated that STX Petrifilm had enough efficiency to recover S. aureus from various foods as well as saving time and space.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.197-202
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• 2015

While various foodborne pathogenic bacteria can be detected more rapidly via polymerase chain reaction than via conventional plating methods, it is impossible to distinguish between viable and dead cells in DNA-based assays. Hence, propidium monoazide (PMA) treatment has been introduced to detect living cells. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the applicability of the PMA treatment and real-time qPCR method for the detection of Cronobacter sakazakii and to compare it to that of plate counting. Based on our positive results, we suggest the use of PMA treatment and real-time qPCR for the detection of viable Cronobacter sakazakii in various food sources and an update of the Korean Food Code.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.238-244
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• 2010

Spatial and temporal distribution of Bacillus licheniformis N1 was investigated over time on the leaves, petioles and crowns of the strawberry plants. Bacterial population on the strawberry plants was quantified over time by selective plating. Bacterial population of N1 containing a plasmid pWH43G carrying green fluorescent protein (GFP) declined relatively faster on the plant surface as compared to the Strain N1 itself. However, this result was found to be enough to utilize the strain to visualize bacterial colonization on the plant surface. When B. licheniformis N1 was treated together with Silwet L-77 at 0.03%, the bacterial population on plant surface persisted for up to 7 days. B. licheniformis N1 (pWH43G) containing Silwet L-77 was applied on the strawberry plants and the GFP expressing bacteria were visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Bacterial persistence was also investigated in a growth chamber and in a plastic house after N1 bioformulation treatment on the strawberry plant. The Strain N1 colonized three different tissues well and persisted over 3 to 5 days on the strawberry plants. They formed bacterial aggregates on plant surfaces for at least 3 days, resulting in a biofilm to resist fluctuating plant surface environment. However, the bacterial persistence dramatically declined after 7 days in all tested tissues in a plastic house. This study suggest that B. licheniformis N1 colonizes the strawberry plant surface and persists for a long time in a controlled growth chamber, while it can not persist over 7 days on the plant surface in a plastic house.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.769-779
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• 2007

Statement of problem. When TiN coating is applied to the abutment screw, occurrence of greater preload and prevention of the screw loosening could be expected due to decrease of frictional resistance. However, the proper thickness of TiN coating on abutment screw has not been yet reported. Purpose. The purpose of this study is to find out the appropriate TiN coating thickness by evaluating the detorque force and the surface change of titanium abutment screw with various TiN coating thickness. Material and methods. 1. Material Thirty five non-coated abutment screws were prepared for TiN coating. TiN coatings were prepared by Arc ion plating method. Depending on the coating deposition time(CDT), experimental groups were divided into 6 groups(CDT 30min, 60min, 90min, 120min, 150min, 180min) and those of 1 group was not coated as a control group. Each group was made up of 5 abutment screws. 2. Methods FE-SEM(Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscoper) and EDX(Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) were used to observe the surface of the abutment screw. Electric scales was used to measure the weight of the abutment screw after the repeated closing and opening of 10 trials. Detorque force was measured with digital torque gauge, at each trial. Results. 1. As the coating deposition time increased, the surface became more consistent and smooth. 2. As for the abutment screws that were TiN coated for more than 60 minutes, no surface change was found after the repeated closing and opening. 3. The TiN coated abutment screws showed less weight change than the non-coated abutment screws. 4. The TiN coated abutment screws showed higher mean detorque force than the noncoated abutment screws. 5. The abutment screw coated for 60 minutes showed the highest mean detorque force. Conclusion. The coating layer of proper thickness is demanded to obtain consistent and smooth coating surface, resistance to wear, and increased detorque force of the abutment screw. In conclusion, the coating deposition time of 60 minutes indicated improved mechanical property, when TiN coating was conducted on titanium abutment screw.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.48 no.7
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• pp.667-673
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• 2010

Copper filling into TSV (through-silicon-via) and reduction of the filling time for the three dimensional chip stacking were investigated in this study. A Si wafer with straight vias - $30\;{\mu}m$ in diameter and $60\;{\mu}m$ in depth with $200\;{\mu}m$ pitch - where the vias were drilled by DRIE (Deep Reactive Ion Etching) process, was prepared as a substrate. $SiO_2$, Ti and Au layers were coated as functional layers on the via wall. In order to reduce the time required complete the Cu filling into the TSV, the PPR (periodic pulse reverse) wave current was applied to the cathode of a Si chip during electroplating, and the PR (pulse-reverse) wave current was also applied for a comparison. The experimental results showed 100% filling rate into the TSV in one hour was achieved by the PPR electroplating process. At the interface between the Cu filling and Ti/ Au functional layers, no defect, such as a void, was found. Meanwhile, the electroplating by the PR current showed maximum 43% filling ratio into the TSV in an hour. The applied PPR wave form was confirmed to be effective to fill the TSV in a short time.

• Journal of Korean Dental Hygiene Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2022

Background: This study was conducted to analyze the time for re-detection of bacteria after surface disinfection using wet wipes, isopropyl alcohol, and benzalkonium chloride antibacterial tissue and provide standards for re-execution of surface disinfection with wet and antibacterial tissues. Methods: Seven laptops were wiped with wet tissue and isopropyl alcohol and benzalkonium chloride antibacterial tissues. Test areas were rubbed with a sterile cotton swab at baseline and after 30, 60, and 120 min. After plating on a tryptic soy agar medium, the number of colonies was counted by culturing at 36.5℃ for 24 h. Results: The average number of bacterial colonies was 5.85 ± 4.33 before isopropyl alcohol wiping and nil after wiping. The average number of bacterial colonies was 12.28 ± 14.67 benzalkonium chloride wiping and nil after wiping. Before wiping with wet wipes, the average number of bacterial colonies on laptop surfaces was 3.42 ± 5.22. Bacteria decreased after wiping with wet wipes but increased again over time. Conclusions: Wet wipes can temporarily reduce bacteria but are unsuitable for removing bacteria.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.1889-1897
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• 2023

Objective: 'Cultured meat' has been suggested as means of solving the problems associated with overpopulation and gas emissions. Satellite cells are a major component in the production of cultured meat; however, these cells cannot be maintained in vitro over long periods. Fibronectin is a glycoprotein that affects biological processes such as cell adhesion, differentiation, and migration. Unfortunately, the characteristics of porcine satellite cells grown in a long-term culture when exposed to fibronectin-coated dishes are unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the appropriate concentration of fibronectin coated dishes for proliferation and maintenance of porcine satellite cells at long-term culture. Methods: In this study, we isolated the satellite cells and fibroblast cells with pre-plating method. We next analyzed the cell doubling time, cell cycle, and rate of expressed paired box 7 (Pax7) and myogenic differentiation 1 (MyoD1) in porcine satellite cells cultured with 20 ㎍/mL of fibronectin-, gelatin-, and non-coated dishes at early and late passage. We then analyzed the proliferation of porcine satellite cells with various concentrations of mixed gelatin/fibronectin. We next determined the optimal concentration of fibronectin that would encourage proliferation and maintenance of porcine satellite cells in a long-term culture. Results: Doubling time was lowest when 20 ㎍/mL of fibronectin was used (as tested during an early and late passage). Levels of expressed Pax7 and MyoD1, assessed using immunocytochemistry, were highest in cells grown using fibronectin-coated dishes. The proliferation of gelatin/fibronectin mixed coatings had no significant effect on porcine satellite cells. The concentration of 5 ㎍/mL fibronectin coated dishes showed the lowest doubling time and maintained expression of Pax7. Conclusion: Fibronectin with 5㎍/mL effectively maintains porcine satellite cells, a discovery that will be of interest to those developing the next generation of artificial meats.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1689-1694
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• 2008

The ability to detect Salmonella spp. is essential in the prevention of foodborne illness. This study examined a Salmonella spp. detection method involving the application of immunomagnetic separation and immunoliposomes (IMS/IL) encapsulating sulforhodamine B (SRB), a fluorescent dye. A quantitative assay was conducted by measuring the fluorescence intensity of SRB that was produced from an immunomagnetic bead-Salmonella spp.-immunoliposome complex. The results indicated detection limits of $2.7{\times}10^{5}$ and $5.2{\times}10^{3}$ CFU/ml for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) and Salmonella enterka subsp. enterka serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), respectivley. The signal/noise ratio was improved by using 4% skim milk as a wash solution rather than 2% BSA. In addition, higher fluorescence intensity was obtained by increasing the liposome size. Compared with the conventional plating method, which takes 3-4 days for the isolation and identification of Salmonella spp., the total assay time of to h only including 6 h of culture enrichment was necessary for the Salmonella detection by IMS/IL. These results indicate that the IMS/ IL has great potential as an alternative rapid method for Salmonella detection.

• Proceedings of the International Microelectronics And Packaging Society Conference
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• 2004.09a
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• pp.93-99
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• 2004

At present, LG Electronics pushes ahead to eliminate the Pb(Lead) -a hazardous material- from all products. Especially, we have performed to select the optimum standard composition of lead free alloy for the application to products for about 3 years from 2000. These days, we have the chance for applying to the mass-production. This project constructed the system for applying the lead free solders on consumer electronic products, which is one of the major products of the LG Electronics. To select the lead free solders with corresponding to the product features, we have passed through the test and applied with Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu alloy system to our products, and for the application to the high melting temperature composition, we secured the thermal resistance of the many parts and substrate and optimized the processing conditions. We have operated the temperature cycling test and the high temperature storage test under the standards to confirm the reliability of the products. On these samples, we considered the consequence of our decision by the operating test. For the long life time of the product, we have operated the temperature cycling test at $-45^{\circ}C-+125^{\circ}C$, 1 cycle/hour, 1000 cycles. Also we have tested the tin whisker growth about lead free plating on lead finish. We have analyzed with the SEM, EDS and any other equipment for confirming the failure mode at the joint and the tin whisker growth on lead free finish.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.231-241
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• 2018

Atmospheric corrosion is generally an electrochemical degradation process of metal. It can be caused by various corrosion factors of atmospheric component, weather, and air pollutants. Moisture, particles of sea salts, and sulfur dioxide are major factors in atmospheric corrosion. Galvanizing coating is one of the most efficient ways to protect iron from corrosion by zinc plating on the surface of the iron. Galvanized steels are being widely used in automobiles, building structures, roofing, and other industrial structures due to their high corrosion resistance compared to bare iron. Atmospheric corrosion of galvanized steel has shown complex corrosion behavior depending on coating process, coating thickness, atmospheric environment, and air pollutants. In addition, different types and kinds of corrosion products can be produced depending on the environment. Lifespan of galvanized steels is also affected by the environment. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the corrosion behavior of galvanized steel under atmospheric corrosion at six locations in Korea. When the exposure time was increased, content of zinc from GA surface decreased while contents of iron and oxygen tended to increase. On the other hand, content of iron was constant even after 36 months of exposure of GI.