• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.183-190
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• 2019

Background: In the Philippines, the practice of planting mangroves over seagrass has been a practice done to promote coastline protection from damages done by storms. Despite the added protection to the coastline, the addition of an artificial ecosystem gradually inflicts damage to the ecosystem already established. In this study, seagrass communities that had no history of mangrove planting were compared with those that had mangrove planting. The percent substrate cover of seagrass in the sampling areas was determined, and the macroinvertebrates present in the sampling areas were also observed. The study was conducted based on reports of mangrove planting activity that disrupted seagrass functions on Santa Fe, Bantayan Island, Cebu. Transect-quadrat method sampling was done to assess the chosen sites. Results: Six species of seagrass was found on the site without mangrove planting which was barangay Ocoy (Cymodocea sp., Thalassia sp., Halodule sp., Enhalus sp., Halophila sp., and Syringodium sp.) and had a higher percent cover, while only four were found on the site with mangrove planting (barangay Marikaban). It was also found that barangay Marikaban had a lesser Shannon-Wiener and Simpson's index compared to barangay Ocoy. Jaccard's index of similarity between the two sites was low. Conclusion: With the results of the assessment, we recommend proper monitoring of future mangrove planting activities and that these activities should not disrupt another ecosystem as all ecosystems are important.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.98-103
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• 2011

The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is a new concept of increasing the yield of rice produced in farming. Therefore, we investigated the impacts of planting density on nutrient uptake as affected by SRI under no-till cropping system. The field was prepared as a randomized complete block design with three treatments: $10{\times}10$ cm, $20{\times}20$ cm and $30{\times}30$ cm planting densities. The root dry mass was significantly increased in the wider planting densities (p<0.05%). The highest grain yield was obtained in $20{\times}20$ cm planting density plot (p<0.05%) due to higher plant density per unit area and spikelets number per panicle. The total uptake amounts by rice plant were significantly higher in $20{\times}$20 cm planting density plot as 94.8 kg $ha^{-1}$ for T-N and 29.9 kg $ha^{-1}$ for P than other planting densities plots, but K and Mg uptake were significantly higher in $10{\times}10$ cm planting density plot (p<0.05%). In this study, our findings suggest that SRI should be considered as a new practice for the rice productivity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.3
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• pp.359-367
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to find optimal planting season of the effect of vegetation competition around planting tree. This study evaluates the possibility of extending the planting period of containerized seedling of Pinus densiflora (1-0 year). We planted seedling at three different seasons (spring, summer, fall) at 18 plots in 3 locations. Planting sites were composed of vigorous vegetation (Site A) and less vigorous vegetation (Site B). For over 3 years, the study investigated survival rate, growth of root collar diameter and height, and biomass of containerized seedling of P. densiflora. In all sites, containerized seedling of P. densiflora showed high survival rate in summer planting. Height and root collar diameter of containerized seedling of P. densiflora were the highest in summer planting, but in the initial period after planting growth was not good. After time passed, growth rate was increased. Site B showed better growth than Site A. Biomass was the highest in summer planting and also the highest in Site B. These results suggest that planting period can be extended by using containerized seedling and vegetation control in the initial is very important for survival and growth of containerized seedling.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.217-221
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• 2007

To provide the basic data essential for developing varieties of broad-leaved tree, the study investigated the utmost growth requirement for the growth characteristic and biomass production in accordance with planting density of Styrax obassia. The planting density of seedling can be a significant factor in contributing growth of seedling for tree growing in general. While growth of tree according to $1m^2$ planting density of Styrax obassia showed an excellent growth in tree height and the root collar diameter from $49no./m^2$, those low planting density showed decreased tendency with tree height growth while increasing the root collar diameter growth. As similar to the growth characteristic, the biomass production showed significant and statistic difference in $49no./m^2$, showing high volume of biomass production which is $3.12{\pm}0.80g$ compare to other processing section and high figure with T/R ratio which is 1.59. The special trait of photosynthetic also showed relatively high photosynthetic rate in $49no./m^2\;and\;64no./m^2$ of Styrax obassia and as the density increase, photosynthetic efficiency decreased. The plant showed stable and physiological planting pattern, displaying the best photosynthetic rate, which was the final metabolism through reserving proper space in the growth and development environment condition. This obstacle of required space essential for growth substantially deteriorated planting and ultimately, it demonstrated lower tendency of photosynthetic rate, which is the highest level of metabolism.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.31-41
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• 2009

Under the Korea Building Act, anyone planning to build a building or buildings on a site over $200m^2$ must plant plants over a specific area. In large scale development this rule is adhered to well, but such is not the case in small scale development. Therefore, special attention must be given to small scale development. Thus, the purpose of this research is to analyze the current situation and practice of planting at small scale development sites in Seoul, and then suggest policies for improving them. In this study using the data covering Seongbuk-Gu and Gangnam-Gu, which was surveyed in 2002, the current situation and practice of planting at small scale development sites was analyzed. After a questionnaire survey was conducted with government officers and building owners, the same analysis was made. Then the policies for improvement were extracted. The results are as follows: 1. In superordinate planning stage, because the minimum standards are too low, those must be strengthened. Any district plan does not control planting in private building lots. This requests active application of planting in private building lots as a design control measure in district planning. 2. In the building design stage, there are no guidelines. The obligation of building set-back between adjacent buildings by the Korean Building Act produces mass shaded and inferior planting beds. The act also is blocking landscape architects' participation in small scale development. And wall installations deteriorate the streetscape and growth of plants with shading. Therefore guidelines must be made. 3. In each stage of the building permit, the permit for building completion, and maintenance the Korean Building Act is blocking landscape architects' participation in small scale development, so the planting plan is completely handled by nonprofessional persons. Therefore, the act should be amended in order to make way for landscape architects' participation in each stage of the small scale development process.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2019.04a
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• pp.70-70
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• 2019

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.5
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• pp.524-531
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• 2006

Neem tree (Azadirachta indica), native to the Indian sub-continent, has been known since the ancient time for its medicinal and insect repellent properties. In recent years, Neem has attracted global attention due to its potential as a source of natural drugs and also environment-friendly pesticides. In the households. The distribution and traditional practice on Neem can be important to the agriculturist, ethno-pharmaceutical developers and to the rural development practitioners in Bangladesh. An exploratory survey on the distribution and traditional practice on Neem tree in the rural homesteads of Chittagong coastal plain, Bangladesh, was conducted over a period of three months from September 2002 to November 2002. It was found that maximum, 64% households used seedling as planting material having 40% maximum sources Within the major tree species present in the homesteads, Neem accounted for 12% among the total individuals. It was found that the availability of Neem trees was found maximum, 31%, in the homesteads of medium sized households. Maximum, 42% individuals of Neem were found within the DBH of 10.1 to 20 cm; and 37% within the 3.1 to 6 m height classes. Neem trees were found to be used maximum, 88% for furniture. The findings of the study will be of immense importance for the rural development practitioners and ethno pharmacological developers in Bangladesh.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.206-206
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• 2017

Sorghum is a crop with a various plant height depending on the planting density. If the height exceeds 1.8m, which is the harvestable height of the combine, loss is caused by clogging of the installation, entrance of the threshing section and the threshing section. The purpose of this study is to set the planting distance and number of plants per hill suitable for combine harvesting as the plant length does not exceed 1.8m. The experimental variety was Nampungchal. The experiment design was a split-plot design with three replications. The treatments were as follow: Main-plot were 1 and 2 plants as number of plants per hill and sub-plots were $60{\times}20cm$ (practice), $70{\times}15$, 20, 25, 30 cm as planting distance. The amount of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilization were 100, 70, $80kg\;ha^{-1}$. Data were collected: (1) grain yield: weight of grain in $kg\;ha^{-1}$, (2) 1000 grain weight: average weight of 1000 grain, (3) plant height: distance from soil to top of panicle, (4) ear length: distance from top of stem to top of ear in cm, (5) stem diameter: diameter of second internode, (6) tiller number per hill. Analyses of variance were performed using R version 3.3.1(https://www. r- project. org). The Duncan's multiple range test(DMR) was used to separate treatment means at P < 0.05. As number of plants per hill increased, plant height and yield increased and tiller number decreased. As planting distance increased, plant height and yield decreased and tiller number increased. At 1 plant per hill, the plant height did not exceed 1.8m at all planting distance. At 2 plants per hill, the plant height did not exceed 1.8m from the planting distance of $70{\times}25cm$. At 1 plant per hill, the tiller number increased to 0.23, 0.27, 0.60 and 0.70 as the planting distance increased to $70{\times}15$, 20, 25 and 30 cm, respectively. At 2 plants per hill, the tiller number increased to 0.03, 0.03, 0.14 and 0.40 as the planting distance increased to $70{\times}15$, 20, 25 and 30 cm, respectively. At 1 plant per hill, the yield decreased to 6030, 4280, 3400 and $3230kg\;ha^{-1}$ as the planting distance increased. At 2 plant per hill, the yield decreased to 7850, 5770, 5720 and $4960kg\;ha^{-1}$ as the planting distance increased. We recommend that the optimum number of plants per hill and planting distance is 2 and $70{\times}25cm$ suitable for combine harvesting.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.2
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• pp.239-252
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• 1998

Based on forestry inventory data and various informations, this study was conducted to analyze the silvicultural activities by distance classes from forest road and to evaluate their effects in the area of Mt. Gari managed by Chunchon Regional Office of Northern Forest Management Office. The results were summarized as follows; 1) Most harvesting practice(67.9%) was done within 500m from forest roads, in the order of Pumgul, Saorang, and Kongkol forest road. And thinning practice was not related to the distance from forest road, produced $440.6m^3$, 35.7% of total thinning volume within 1,000m width along the forest roads. 2) Planting of 530,461 seedlings, 66.8% of total planting stock, in 176.9ha, 66.6% of total area within 1,000m from forest road, and supplementary planting of 46,243 seedlings was done in 15.4ha, 42.9% of total area within 500m from forest road. Areas and numbers of seedlings of two planting practices were in the order of Pumgul and Byungatur forest road. 3) Tending operation was done in 330.0ha, 60.3% of total area within 500m from forest road, and pre-commercial thinning was done in 693.6ha, 71.2% of total area. Areas of intermediate cutting practices were in the order of Pumgul, Korkol, and Saorang forest road.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.3
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• pp.281-290
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal planting density for Zelokva serrata plantations. The study sites were located in Gyeongsan (GS) and Sunchang (SC), Korea. One-year-old, bare-root seedlings were planted at densities of 3,000; 5,000; 7,000; and 10,000 trees ha^-1 at the end of March 2015. We measured the root collar diameter and height each September from 2015 to 2019, and then calculated the H/D ratio and stem volume. The root collar diameter and height increased with increased planting density, and the stem volume was significantly higher at 10,000 trees ha^-1 than those at the other planting densities. Planting density did not affect the survival rate or H/D ratio. The root collar diameter, height, and stem volume were higher in GS than those in SC five years after planting. This study highlights that early growth performance was improved at increased planting densities at both sites. This study suggests that the initial planting density of 10,000 trees ha^-1 is suitable to improve the early growth performance of Z. serrata plantations, and that the improved growth performance at higher planting densities may be a silvicultural characteristic of Z. serrata.