Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science (한국산림과학회지)

Korean Society of Forest Science (한국산림과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effect of Planting Density on Early Growth Performances of Zelkova serrata Trees

식재밀도가 느티나무 조림목의 초기 생육에 미치는 영향

  • Noh, Nam Jin (Forest Technology and Management Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science) ;
  • Kwon, Boram (Forest Technology and Management Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science) ;
  • Yang, A-Ram (Division of Global Forestry, National Institute of Forest Science) ;
  • Cho, Min Seok (Forest Technology and Management Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science)
  • 노남진 (국립산림과학원 산림기술경영연구소) ;
  • 권보람 (국립산림과학원 산림기술경영연구소) ;
  • 양아람 (국립산림과학원 국제산림연구과) ;
  • 조민석 (국립산림과학원 산림기술경영연구소)
  • Received : 2020.08.05
  • Accepted : 2020.08.26
  • Published : 2020.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal planting density for Zelokva serrata plantations. The study sites were located in Gyeongsan (GS) and Sunchang (SC), Korea. One-year-old, bare-root seedlings were planted at densities of 3,000; 5,000; 7,000; and 10,000 trees ha-1 at the end of March 2015. We measured the root collar diameter and height each September from 2015 to 2019, and then calculated the H/D ratio and stem volume. The root collar diameter and height increased with increased planting density, and the stem volume was significantly higher at 10,000 trees ha-1 than those at the other planting densities. Planting density did not affect the survival rate or H/D ratio. The root collar diameter, height, and stem volume were higher in GS than those in SC five years after planting. This study highlights that early growth performance was improved at increased planting densities at both sites. This study suggests that the initial planting density of 10,000 trees ha-1 is suitable to improve the early growth performance of Z. serrata plantations, and that the improved growth performance at higher planting densities may be a silvicultural characteristic of Z. serrata.

본 연구는 식재밀도가 느티나무 조림목의 초기 생장에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 수행되었다. 연구지는 경북 경산과 전북 순창이며, 2015년 3월 말 느티나무 노지묘(1-0)를 4처리 밀도(3천, 5천, 7천, 10천본 ha-1)로 식재하였다. 2019년까지 매년 9월에 조림목의 근원경과 수고를 측정하였고, H/D율과 수간 재적을 계산하였다. 모든 조사지에서 식재밀도가 증가할수록 근원경 및 수고 생장이 높아지는 경향을 보였으며, 수간 재적은 10천본 ha-1 처리구에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 그러나 생존율과 H/D율은 식재밀도에 따른 차이가 없었다. 식재후 5년차에, 경산 지역에서의 근원경, 수고, 수간 재적은 순창 지역에서보다 높게 나타났다. 그러나, 입지 환경이 다른 두 조사지 모두에서 식재밀도 증가에 따라 조림목의 초기 생장이 향상되는 동일한 경향을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 10천본 ha-1의 식재밀도가 느티나무 조림목의 초기 생장을 향상시키기 위한 적정 식재밀도임 확인하였으며, 느티나무의 조림학적 특성으로서 밀식처리에 의해 초기 생장이 향상될 수 있다는 점을 제안한다.

Keywords

References

  1. Akers, M.K., Kane, M., Zhao, D., Teskey, R.O. and Daniels, R.F. 2013. Effects of planting density and cultural intensity on stand and crown attributes of mid-rotation loblolly pine plantation. Forest Ecology and Management 310: 468-475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.07.062
  2. Alcorn, P.J., Pyttel, P., Bauhus, J., Smith, R.G.B., Thomass, D., James, R. and Nicotra, A. 2007. Effects of initial planting density on branch development in 4-year-old plantation grown Eucalyptus pilularis and Eucalyptus cloeziana trees. Forest Ecology and Management 252(1-3): 41-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.021
  3. Antony, F., Schimleck, L.R., Jordan, L., Daniels, R.F. and Clark III, A. 2012. Modeling the effect of initial planting density on within tree variation of stiffness in loblolly pine. Annals of Forest Science 69(5): 641-650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-011-0180-1
  4. Baribault, T.W., Kobe, R.K. and Rothstein, D.E. 2010. Soil calcium, nitrogen, and water are correlated with aboveground net primary production in northern hardwood forests. Forest Ecology and Management 260(5): 723-733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.05.029
  5. Binkley, D. and Fisher, R.F. 2013. Ecology and management of forest soils. 4th Ed. Willey, USA. pp. 347.
  6. Benomar, L., DesRochers, A. and Larocque, G.R. 2012. The effects of spacing on growth, morphology and biomass production and allocation in two hybrid poplar clones growing in the boreal region of Canada. Trees 26(3): 939-949. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-011-0671-6
  7. Burdett, A.N. 1990. Physiological processes in plantation establishment and the development of specifications for forest planting stock. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20(4): 415-427. https://doi.org/10.1139/x90-059
  8. Burkes, E.C., Will, R.E., Barron-Gafford, G.A., Teskey, R.O. and Shiver, B. 2003. Biomass partitioning and growth efficiency of intensively managed Pinus taeda and Pinus elliottii stands of different planting densities. Forest Science 47(2): 224-234.
  9. Cho, M.S., Jeong, J. and Yang, A-R. 2017a. Growing density and cavity volume of container influence major temperate broad-leaved tree species of physiological characteristics in nursery stage. Journal of Korean Forest Society 106(1):40-53 (In Korean with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.14578/JKFS.2017.106.1.40
  10. Cho, M.S., Kwon, B., Kim, W. and Jeong, D.H. 2020. Development of Silvicultural Techniques for Major Hardwood Species. National Institute of Forest Science. Seoul, Korea. Research report 20-03. pp. 7-34 (In Korean).
  11. Cho, M.S., Lee, S.W. and Park, B.B. 2012. Effects of fertilization methods on the growth and physiological characteristics of Larix kaempferi seedlings in the container nursery system. Journal of Bio-Environment Control 21(1): 57-65 (In Korean with English abstract).
  12. Cho, M.S., Meng, L., Song, J.H., Han, S.H., Bae, K. and Park, B.B. 2017b. The effects of biochars on the growth of Zelkova serrata seedlings in a containerized seedling production system. Forest Science and Technology 13(1): 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2017.1287778
  13. Cho, M.S., Yang, A. and Hwang, J. 2015. Growth performances of container seedlings of deciduous hard wood species grown at three different fertilization treatments. Journal of Korean Forest Society 104(1): 90-97 (In Korean with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.14578/jkfs.2015.104.1.90
  14. Choi, S.H., Lee, W.K., Kwak, D.A., Lee, S.C., Son, Y., Lim, J.H. and Saborowski, J. 2011. Predicting forest cover changes in future climate using hydrological and thermal indices in South Korea. Climate Research 49(3): 229-245. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01026
  15. Grossnickle, S.C. 2012. Why seedlings survive: Influence of plant attributes. New Forests 43(5-6): 711-738. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-012-9336-6
  16. Harms, W.R., Whitesell, C.D. and Debell, D.S. 2000. Growth and development of loblolly pine in a spacing trial planted in Hawaii. Forest Ecology and Management 126(1): 13-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00079-1
  17. Harrington, T.B., Dagley, C.M. and Edwards, M.B. 2003. Above- and belowground competition from longleaf pine plantations limits performance of reintroduced herbaceous species. Forest Science 49(5): 681-695.
  18. Hwang, J., Cho, M.S. and Yang, A. 2015. Development of Silvicultural Techniques for Species Replacement in Major Plantations. National Institute of Forest Science. Seoul, Korea. Research report 15-10. pp. 120 (In Korean).
  19. Iwasa, Y., Cohen, D. and Leon, J.A. 1984. Tree height and crown shape, as results of competitive games. Journal of Theorogical Biology 112(2): 279-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5193(85)80288-5
  20. Jeong, J.H., Koo, K.S., Lee, C.H. and Kim, C.S. 2002. Physiochemical properties of Korean forest soils by regions. Journal of Korean Forestry Society 91(6): 694-700.
  21. Jones Jr, J.B. 1999. Soil and Plant Analysis Laboratory Registry. 2nd Ed. Soil and Plant Analysis Council. CRC Press LLC. Florida, USA. pp. 209.
  22. Kang, H.S. 2013. Effects of root pruning, stem cutting and planting density on survival and growth characteristics in Kalopanax septemlobus seedlings. Journal of the Korea Society of Environmental Restoration Technology 16(3): 97-105 (In Korean with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.13087/kosert.2013.16.3.097
  23. Kerr, G. 2003. Effects of spacing on the early growth of planted Fraxinus excelsior L. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33(7): 1196-1207. https://doi.org/10.1139/x03-041
  24. Kim, H.S., Bae, S.W., Lee, S.T. and Hwang, J.H. 2010a. Analysis of growth characteristics and aboveground carbon storage for Zelkova serrata artificial forests in Gwangneung experimental forest. Journal of Korean Forestry Society 99(1): 144-152 (In Korean with English abstract).
  25. Kim, I.S., Kwon, H.Y., Ryu, K.O. and Choi, H.S. 2010b. Variation of leaf morphology among 18 populations of Zelkova serrata Mak. Korean Journal of Breeding Science 42(1): 40-49 (In Korean with English abstract).
  26. Kim, I.S. and Lee, J.H. 2013. Geographic variation of seed characteristics and 1-year-old seedling growth of Zelkova serrata. Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 15(4): 234-244 (In Korean with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.5532/KJAFM.2013.15.4.234
  27. Kim, M., Yoo, S., Lim, N., Lee, W., Ham, B., Song, C. and Lee, W-K. 2017. Climate Change Impact on Korean Forest and Forest Management Strategies. Korean Journal of Environmental Biology 35(3): 413-425 (In Korean with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.11626/KJEB.2017.35.3.413
  28. KFS (Korea Forest Service). 2018. The sixth forest master plan (2018-2037). Korea Forest Service, Korea. pp. 151. (in Korean)
  29. KFS (Korea Forest Service). 2019. Statistical yearbook of forestry. Korea Forest Service, Korea. pp. 444. (in Korean)
  30. KFS (Korea Forest Service). 2020. Annual action plan of forest resources in 2020. pp. 397. (in Korean)
  31. McCrady, R.L. and Jokela, E.J. 1996. Growth phenology and crown structure of selected loblolly pine families planted at two spacings. Forest Science 42(1): 46-57.
  32. Mead, D.J. 2005. Opportunities for improving plantation productivity. How much? How quickly? How realistic? Biomass and Bioenergy 28(2): 249-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2004.08.007
  33. Nambiar, E.K.S. and Sands, R. 1993. Competition for water and nutrients in forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23(10): 1955-1968. https://doi.org/10.1139/x93-247
  34. Newton, M., Lachenbruch, B., Robbins, J.M. and Cole, E.C. 2012. Branch diameter and longevity linked to plantation spacing and rectangularity in young Douglas-fir. Forest Ecology and Management 266: 75-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.11.009
  35. Otsamo, A. 2002. Early effects of four fast-growing tree species and their planting density on ground vegetation in Imperrata grasslands. New Forests 23(1): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015655923484
  36. Oyama, H., Fuse, O., Tomimatsu, H. and Seiwa, K. 2018. Variable seed behavior increases recruitment success of a hardwood tree, Zelkova serrata, in spatially heterogeneous forest environments. Forest Ecology and Management 415-416: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.02.004
  37. Park, H.S. 1998. A study on the development of new cultivar showing either yellow or red leaf fall color in Zelkova serrata Makino. (Dissertation). Seoul. Sungkyunkwan University.
  38. Park, Y.M. 1998. Leaf growth characteristics of Betula platyphylla var. japonica and Zelkova serrata. Journal of Industrial Science, Chongju University. 15(3): 213-218.
  39. Pinto, J.R., Marshall, J.D., Dumroese, R.K., Davis, A.S. and Cobos, D.R. 2011. Establishment and growth of container seedlings for reforestation: A function of stocktype and edaphic conditions. Forest Ecology and Management 261(11): 1876-1884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.02.010
  40. Rural Development Administration. 2000. Soil and Plant Analysis. National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration. pp. 202.
  41. Saha, S., Kuehne, C., Kohnle, U., Brang, P., Ehring, A., Geisel, J., Leder, B., Muth, M., Petersen, R., Peter, J., Ruhm, W. and Bauhus, J. 2012. Growth and quality of young oaks (Quercus robur and Quercus petraea) grown in cluster plantings in central Europe: A weighted meta-analysis. Forest Ecology and Management 283: 106-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.07.021
  42. Saha, S., Kuehne, C. and Bauhus, J. 2014. Intra- and interspecific competition differently influence growth and stem quality of young oaks (Quercus robur L. and Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl.). Annals of Forest Science 71(3): 381-393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-013-0345-1
  43. Salminen, H. and Varmola, M. 1993. Influence of initial spacing and planting design on the development of young Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands. Silva Fennia 27(1): 21-28.
  44. Saremi, H., Kumar, L., Turner, R., Stone, C. and Melville, G. 2014. Impact of local slope and aspect assessed from LiDAR records on tree diameter in radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) plantations. Annals of Forest Science 71(7): 771-780. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-014-0374-4
  45. Toillon, J., Fichot, R., Dalle, E., Berthelot, A. and Brignolas, F. 2013. Planting density affects growth and water-use efficiency depending on site in Populus deltoides $\times$ P. nigra. Forest Ecology and Management 304: 345-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.05.017
  46. Van de Peer, T., Verheyen, K., Kint, V., Van Cleemput, E. and Muys, B. 2017. Plasticity of tree architecture through interspecific and intraspecific competition in a young experimental plantation. Forest Ecology and Management 385: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.11.015
  47. Wang, C.S., Tang, C., Hein, S., Guo, J.J. and Zhao, Z.G. 2018. Branch development of five-year-old Betula alnoides plantations in response to planting density. Forests, 9: 42, http://doi.10.3390/f9010042.
  48. Waring, R.H. 2000. A process model analysis of environmental limitations on the growth of Sitka spruce plantations in Great Britain. Forestry 73(1): 65-79. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/73.1.65
  49. Will, R.E., Narahari, N.V., Shiver, B.D. and Teskey, R.O. 2005. Effects of planting density on canopy dynamics and stem growth for intensively managed loblolly pine stands. Forest Ecology and Management 205(1-3): 29-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.10.002
  50. Will, R., Hennessey, T., Lynch, T., Holeman, R. and Heinemann, R. 2010. Effects of planting density and seed source on loblolly pine stands in southeastern Oklahoma. Forest Science 56(5): 437-443.
  51. Yang, A-R., Cho, M.S. and Hwang, J. 2014. The effects of seedling types and soil properties in relation to aspects on the early growth of planted Zelkova serrata seedlings. Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 48(4): 1-12 (In Korean with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.14397/jals.2014.48.4.1
  52. Yang, A-R., Hwang, J., Cho, M.S. and Son, Y. 2016. The effect of fertilization on early growth of konara oak and Japanese zelkova seedlings planted in a harvested pitch pine plantation. Journal of Forestry Research 27(4): 863-870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-016-0210-9
  53. Yang, A-R. and Cho, M.S. 2019. The growth performances and soil properties of planted Zelkova serrata trees according to fertilization in harvested Pinus rigida plantation over 6 years after planting. Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science 108(1): 29-39 (In Korean with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.14578/JKFS.2019.108.1.29
  54. Yoda, K., Wagatsuma, H., Suzuki, M. and Suzuki H. 2003. Stem diameter changes before bud opening in Zelkova serrata saplings. Journal of Plant Research 116(1): 13-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-002-0065-3