• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2016

This study was experimentally performed to analyze the growth characteristics of a plant(wax tree or privet) using the surface temperature measured from thermal images captured using a thermal camera with water and cider. To do that, this study measured every each 12 hours the surface temperature and the stem temperature of leaves attached to the plant sample until the plants wilt on summer season in the laboratory room. From the experimental results, this study revealed that the temperature of front and back of the leaves is a little different due to the pore. The mean surface temperature of a leaf in cider is $0.52^{\circ}C$ higher than that of a leaf in water. The phenomena that the leaves of plants fall could be also demonstrated using the surface temperature. Before a leaf is falling from the tree, the temperature of the stem is lowered about $2^{\circ}C$ than those of other parts in a leaf. This result can be validated from previous result performed in University of Wisconsin.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.56 no.3
• /
• pp.289-294
• /
• 2017

The Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, has been designated as a main quarantine insect pest. Sensitive monitoring and diagnosis against B. dorsalis are required for early quarantine treatment. This study formulated a wax type dispenser containing methyl eugenol and biopesticide to attract and kill this insect. It also developed diagnostic PCR primers against five major quarantine fruit flies of B. dorsalis, B. cucurbitae, B. tryoni, B. latifrons, and Ceratitis capitata. The lure and diagnostic primers were evaluated in a field located in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.207-211
• /
• 1997

Laboratory experiments were conducted to the potential ability of bioremediation with bentazon such as determining the absorption, translocation, and metabolism of $^{14}C-Bentazon$ in minari after foliar applications. The absorption and translocation of $^{14}C-bentazon$ were compared when applied to foliar of minari. In foliar applications, 21% was observed in treated leaves, 66% remained in water extracts of leaf surfaces, and 13% was found in the epicuticular wax layer after 2d. Translocation of the herbicide from treated leaves to roots was very low(79 to 9%). Analysis of methanol-soluble extracts of $^{14}C$ indicated that more than 60% of the foliarapplied herbicide was metabolized in all plant sections after 2d. However, 77% or more of the bentazon was degraded in roots and shoots 2d after root absorption. The major metabolite in these experiments was an unknown compound that was less polar than bentazon and 6- and 8-hydroxy bentazon.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.159-168
• /
• 2019

Understanding the interaction between climate and the water cycle is critical especially in a drought sensitive region such as California. This study explored hydrologic changes in central and southern California in relation to the glacial-interglacial climate cycles over the last 30 thousand years. To do this, we reconstructed paleovegetation using plant wax carbon isotopic compositions (${\delta}^{13}C$) preserved in marine sediment cores retrieved from the central California continental shelf (ODP Site 1018) and Santa Barbara Basin (ODP Site 893A). The results were then compared to the existing sea surface temperature (SST) and pollen records from the same cores to understand terrestrial hydrology in relation to oceanographic processes. The Last Glacial was generally dry both in central and southern California, indicated by grassland expansion, confirming the previously suggested notion that the westerly storm track that supplies the majority of the precipitation in California may not have moved southward during the glacial period. Southern California was drier than central California during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). This drying trend may have been associated with the weakening of the California Current and northerly winds leading to the early increase in SST in southern California and decline in both offshore and coastal upwelling. The climate was wetter during the Holocene in both regions compared to the glacial period and forest coverage increased accordingly. We attribute this wetter condition to the precipitation contribution increase from the tropics. Overall, we found a clear synchronicity between the terrestrial and marine environment which showed that the terrestrial vegetation composition in California is greatly affected by not only the global climate states but also regional oceanographic and atmospheric conditions that regulate the timing and amount of precipitation over California.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.32 no.4B
• /
• pp.253-259
• /
• 2012

Wastewater-adapted microalgae such as Chlorella vulgaris AG10032, Ankistrodesmus gracilis SAG278-2 and Scenedesmus quadricauda AG10308 are useful biological resources for recovering biofuel and other bio-based materials from wastewater because of their efficient removals of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater and their high fatty acid contents in biomass. Although the concentrations of phosphorus typically vary in wastewater environment, very little is known about the effect of phosphorus concentration, especially phosphorus starvation, on microalgal fatty acid synthesis. This is partially due to the lack of methodological establishment for algal fatty acid analysis. In this study, we compared the analysis performances of microalgal fatty acids by two different methods; one is a non-polar GC (gas chromatography) column based method, which is generally used for microbial fatty acids, and the other is a polar WAX-type GC column method, which is typically used for plant fatty acids. And then, we explored the effect of phosphorus concentration levels on fatty acid production in microalgae cultivated from wastewater. As results, the polar WAX-type column method has better ability to separate poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) including $C_{18:3}$ (linolenic acid), and was found to be more applicable in analyzing fatty acids from wastewater-cultivated microalgae than the non-polar column method. The fatty acid characterization by the WAX-type column method revealed little effect of phosphorus starvation on the quantity and composition of fatty acids from wastewater-cultivated microalgae.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.29-37
• /
• 2017

The effect of packaging materials on the quality and physiological activity of Angelica acutiloba leaves during storage at $4^{\circ}C$ for 20 days and after being transferred to room temperature for 2 days was studied. The experiment was conducted using three packaging materials: the corrugated box (control); corrugated box with $20{\mu}m$ HDPE perforated film liner; and corrugated box with paraffin wax coated paper $+20{\mu}m$ HDPE perforated film liner. Changes in weight, color, aroma, overall visual quality, antioxidant activity, and total flavonoids were investigated. Based on the result, the treatments using corrugated box with $20{\mu}m$ HDPE perforated film liner and the corrugated box with paraffin wax coated paper $+20{\mu}m$ HDPE perforated film liner, were effective in minimizing weight loss, and maintaining external color and overall quality as compared to corrugated box only (control). The corrugated box with paraffin wax coated paper $+20{\mu}m$ HDPE perforated film liner was more effective in maintaining antioxidant activity and total flavonoids than other treatments. Prolonging the freshness using corrugated box with paraffin wax coated paper $+20{\mu}m$ HDPE perforated film liner could increase the marketability of Angelica acutiloba leaves in the domestic market.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.23 no.8
• /
• pp.1385-1394
• /
• 2014

Metcalfa pruinosa was considered to be a very harmful invasive species, due to its high species density in nature and wide range of its host plants. M. pruinosa was distributed in 28 sites among 143 sites. M. pruinosa has wide range and diverse host plants of 52 families 110 species including crop, fruits and forest trees. At present, the identified host plant of M. pruinosa are composed of 62 families and 145 species in total since their first appearance was reported. M. pruinosa was found in roadside 46.7%, followed by forests 33.3% and orchard 20%. Nymphs and adults cause damage to crop and orchard by sucking juice, outbreak of fungi through secretion of wax, and reduction of plant assimilation due to the nectar of nymphs. Also, it reduces the merchantable quality of fruits and thus causes economic damage. It is judged that M. pruinosa has been moved along major road via the traffic vehicles.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• v.41 no.2
• /
• pp.89-97
• /
• 2019

Long chain plant waxes (n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acids, and n-alcohols) and their carbon isotopic compositions (${\delta}^{13}C$) in geologic archives are valuable tools for paleovegetation reconstruction. However, the sensitivity of different plant wax constituents to vegetation shift is not well understood. This study explores controls on the variation in ${\delta}^{13}C$ values of long-chain n-alkanes ($C_{27}$ to $C_{33}$) and n-alkanoic acids ($C_{26}-C_{30}$) in the Gulf of Mexico core sediments (ODP 625B) near the Mississippi River delta. n-Alkanoic acids' ${\delta}^{13}C$ values were higher than those of n-alkanes by 1-2‰ on average and such a pattern is the opposite from their isotope fractionation observed in living plants: 1-2‰ smaller in n-alkanes than n-alkanoic acids. We attribute this offset to contributions from aquatic plants or microbes that produce high concentrations of $^{13}C-enriched$ long-chain n-alkanoic acids. The sensitivity of n-alkanes and n-alkanoic acids to vegetation and climate varied among chain lengths. The $n-C_{33}$ alkanes were most sensitive to $C_4$ grassland expansion among n-alkane homologues, while no specific trend was observed in n-alkanoic acids. This is due to the similarity in n-alkanoic acid concentrations between $C_3$ and $C_4$ plants by homologues and low terrestrial plant-derived n-alkanoic acid contributions to the sediments. The results of this study suggest that long chain n-alkanoic acids' ${\delta}^{13}C$ values in sediments may be influenced by contributions from different sources such as aquatic plants or microbial inputs and therefore interpretations regarding this matter should be cautiously formulated. We suggest that there is a need for further studies on characterizing long-chain n-alkanoic acids ($C_{26}-C_{34}$) in aquatic plants and microbes from various climates and environments in order to investigate their production and integration into sedimentary archives.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
• /
• v.41 no.1
• /
• pp.51-57
• /
• 2011

The microstructure of the leaf epidermis and trichomes of Fallopia sect. Reynoutria are examined using scanning electron microscopy. Fallopia sachalinensis was distinguished from other taxa in this section by its prominent epicuticular wax layer consisting of protruding wax rodlets. In addition, epicuticular rodlets of F. sachalinensis individuals from Ullung Island and Dok Island appear to be thinner than those from other regions, including Japan and Sakhalin. The stomatal size appears to be related to the ploidy level in the sect. Reynoutria, as the hexaploids, octoploids and dodecaploids tend to have larger stomata as compared to tetraploids. Three basic types of trichomes were found in the section; (1) conical unicellular trichomes, (2) uniseriate filiform trichome consisting of 1-8 cells, and (3) peltate glandular trichomes. The trichome types and their distribution appear to be useful in distinguishing the taxa in the section.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.762-767
• /
• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of formulation of fungicides on epicuticular waxes in 'Campbell Early' grapes. Non-bagged and bagged berries were treated with wettable powder, suspension concentrate and emulsifiable concentrate 15 days after full bloom (DAFB) and 48 DAFB (veraison), respectively. Fruit skin was observed by naked eye and scanning electron microscope (SEM) at harvest. Remarkable white blots were observed on the berries treated 48 DAFB in the order of wettable powder, suspension concentrate, and emulsifiable concentrate. The observation by SEM showed all formulations of fungicides damaged the ultra-structure of epicuticular waxes; also, an unknown substance was observed on treatment with wettable powder and suspension concentrate. Moreover epicuticular wax appeared to be melting on the grapes treated with emulsifiable concentrate. Also, non-bagged grapes showed serious contamination of epicuticular wax by some unknown substance, but bagged grapes had only fungicides' traces.