• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.787-800
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the vegetation structure of Bulguksa around Buddhist Temple Forest in the Gyeongju National Park. To do so, forty-two plots($100m^2$) were set up and surveyed. The surveyed plots were divided into four groups according to the analysis of classification by TWINSPAN; (I) Pinus densiflora-Pinus koraiensis community, (II) Pinus densiflora community, (III) Pinus densiflora-Acer palmatum community, (IV) Acer palmatum-Pinus densiflora community. The results of vegetation structure analysis were; Bulguksa around Buddhist Temple Forest in the Gyeongju National Park were dominated by Pinus densiflora. IV community, influx of Acer palmatum in Pinus densiflora community, Acer palmatum-Pinus densiflora community are believed to be a change to the community. But, recent spontaneously is growing Quercus variabilis, Quercus aliena, Quercus serrata, Quercus mongolica in understory and shrub layer. Later, it is expected that Pinus densiflora competition. The forest vegetation age of the study area is Pinus densiflora were dominant trees in forest was 30~100 years, old while that of Acer palmatum was 30~36 years old.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.6
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• pp.663-671
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• 2006

This study was performed for exploring the spatial distribution pattern of Pinus densiflora and Quercus spp. in Korea. Firstly, the spatial distribution map of Pinus densiflora and Quercus spp. was prepared in grid of $100m{\times}100m$ at national level, using digital forest type map and actual vegetation map. And thematic maps for topography, climate, and soil were also prepared in the raster form of $100m{\times}100m$. Through GIS based spatial analysis of the digital distribution map of Pinus densiflora and Quercus spp. and thematic maps, the spatial characteristics of Pinus densiflora and Quercus spp. distribution was explored in relation to the environmental factors such as topography, climate, and soil. And the occurrence frequency models of Pinus densiflora and Quercus spp. were derived. Pinus densiflora occurs more often than Quercus spp. at low elevation, low slope gradient, and high temperature areas. In addition, Pinus densiflora is mainly distributed at shallow and well-drained loamy soil from igneous rocks. In contrast, Quercus spp. is more common at shallow and well-drained loamy soil from metamorphic rocks. As a result, the prediction model for the spatial distribution of Pinus densiflora and Quercus spp. by topographical variables has proven successful with high statistical significance. The result of this study can contribute to rational management of Pinus densiflora and Quercus spp. stand in Korea, considering environmental factors such as topography, climate, and soil.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.201-206
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• 1992

Pinus pollen is used as the chief ingredient for Song-wha-dashik (Korea's traditional pattern-pressed candy). It has been the food stuff indispensable especially on the occasion of performing ancestral rites and holding a banquet since Shilla and Koryo Dynasty. In this paper, therefore, a new examination is made of the nutritive ingredients of the very Pinus pollen. Analysis has been made of the proximate composition, minerals, heavy metals, vitamins and free sugars of the Pollen of both Pinus densinora Siebol et Zuccarini and Pinus rigida Miller. In the proximate composition, Pinus rigida Miller is high except in free sugar ; crude ash (4.0%), crude protein (15.0%), crude fat (2.5%), crude fiber (17.5%). A lot of minerals have been found in both the samples. They contain Mg, Cl, Ca, Fe, Mn, Na, Zn, etc. In heavy metals, both the samples contain the same quantity of Cd(0.3 ppm) and the contents of Pb, Cu, and As are lower than the maximal limit permitted for food stuff. The contents of vitamin B$_1$, B$_2$, vitamin C are a little higher in Pinus rigida Miller : in vitamin E, on the contrary, Pinus densiflora Siebol et Zucarini (1.6 mg) doubles Pinus rigida Miller (0.8 mg). In free sugars, the results is as follows : 6.6%/6.9% in sucrose : 0.2% in fructose : 2.1% /2.9% in glucose respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.322-328
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• 2004

Available nutrients in soil solution play key roles on the growth of plants, but the equilibria in soil solution can be disturbed by acid precipitation. In this study, we investigated the relationships between element concentrations in the needles of Pinus thunbergii and chemical properties of forest soil solutions in the industrial complexes as an effort to find the possible limiting factor(s) causing the forest decline. The Ca/Al molar ratios in needles of Pinus thunbergii collected from the control sites were 18. However, at Onsan and Ulsan industrial complexes, those were decreased to the ranges from 10 to 11 for the one-year old needles and from 9 to 10 for the two-year old needles. The Mg/Al molar ratios showed similar tendencies with the Ca/Al molar ratios of the needles of Pinus thunbergii. In the A horizon, there existed a significant correlation between Mg concentrations in the needles of Pinus thunbergii and Ca/Al molar ratio of forest soil solution. Calcium concentrations in the needles of Pinus thunbergii in the B horizon were also significantly correlated with Ca/Al molar ratios of forest soil solutions. The uptakes of Ca and Mg by Pinus thunbergii were mainly limited by Al in the soil solutions of the A horizon and by Mn and Al in the soil solutions of the B horizon.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.3
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• pp.409-415
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• 1996

Isozyme variations in 4 enzyme systems in Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis in 31 individual trees collected throughout the country were studied by starch gel electrophoresis using haploid megagametophyte tissue to compare with those of Pinus densiflora. A minimum of 7 loci were found to code for isozymes of the enzyme systems. No variation was found at locus GOT-A; at the remaining 6 variable loci(GDH-A, GOT-B, GOT-C, IDH-A, LAP-,A, LAP-B) and 2 to 4 alleles were identified. We could not find any marker alleles to distinguish Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis from Pinus densiflora at the isozymes studied here. Allele frequency distributions at each loci were almost all the same as those of P. densiflora. The percentage of polymorphic loci(99% level), the number of alleles per locus, the observed and expected heterozygosities were 85.7, 2.3, 0.165 and 0.186%, respectively. The level of genetic diversity in Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis seemed to be less than that of P. densiflora.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.527-538
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• 2009

A village grove is the one fostered and protected for a district's traditional life near the vicinity of a ruderal village. This research is done to grasp potential natural vegetation, to use a basis data needed for its management and preservation as well as restoration project by examining the vegetation and flora targeting a village grove of the southern district of Gyeonggi-do which has been seriously damaged subsequent to a rapidly progressing city development. According to the survey, there appeared an outgrowth flora of Pteridophyta consisting of 69 families, 136 genera, 20 varieties, 3 forms, 170 species-totalling to 193 taxa. Urbanization index was revealed to 4.55% and naturalization rate 6.74%. In life-cycle pattern, perennials were found to show the highest distribution rate; in infiltration-multiplication strategies, human wave tactics type was found to be the highest 51%, consisting of 98 species, and naturalization rate also was revealed to be 6.74%. The vegetation unit was divided into a total of 11 patterns, such as a community of Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Pinus rigida community, Pinus densiflora-Castanea crenata community, Pinus rigida community, Pinus rigida-Castanea crenata community, Pinus rigida-Quercus acutissima community, Castanea crenata community, Castanea crenata-Quercus acutissima community, Quercus acutissima community, Quercus acutissima-Robinia pseudo-acacia community and Robinia pseudo-acacia community. Quercus acutissima community is of a community type dominated by Quercus acutissima, in place of Pinus densiflora community selected by natural succession.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.317-327
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• 1993

Stands profiles, yearly changes in growth of annual rings, age and diameter structure, and spatial distribution pattern of individuals in the Pinus densiflora stands around the Yeocheon industrial complex were investigated. Growth of annual ring in Pinus densiflora, which survived when vegetation of this area was damaged by air pollutants, was suppressed for about 10 years since 1974 when factories in this area began to operate, but since then such suppressed growth tended to be recovered. It was supposed that the suppresed growth was originated from air pollution and that improvement of growth since the suppressed period was due to the release from competition with them by death of neighbouring trees and the resuction of the amount of air pollutants. Physiognomy of Pinus densiflora stands showed mosaic pattern composed of different patches. Spatial distribution pattern of individuals an stand profiles were similar to those of Pinus densiflora stands regenerated after natural and artificial disturbances. In an age distribution diagram, age of Pinus densiflora population ranged from 1 to 33 years, Among these individuals were recrited corresponded to the suppresed period of growth of annual ring in Pinus densiflora survived when the vegetation was damaged by air pollution. On the other hand, from the result of analysis of frequency distribution diagram of diameter, it was postulated that even if whis Pinus densiflora community can be maintained as it is for the time being, it might be changed to Quercus community with the lapse of time. Regeneration; Pinus densiflora; Air pollution; Annual ring; Age structure; Diameter structure; Quercus spp. In these analyses, factors for individual recognition and species recognition were suggested.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.6
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• pp.764-771
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• 2009

This research aimed at analyzing relationship between spatial distribution of Pinus densiflora, and topographical factors in Seorak and Chiak national park. 100 m grid size was proven to be suitable for analyzing spatial distribution characteristics of Pinus densiflora. Pinus densiflora appeared mainly on 400 m~800 m of elevation, $15^{\circ}{\sim}30^{\circ}$ of slope and 0~2 of TWI. There were no big differences in appearance frequency of Pinus densiflora area by aspect. There were differences in distribution characteristics of Pinus densiflora between below and above 400 m of elevation. There were no big differences in appearance frequency of Pinus densiflora area above 400 m of elevation but a big differences by topographical factors below 400 m of elevation.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.527-537
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• 2010

This study are Geumjung mountain fortress of the Busan Metropolitan City in the north gate of the East gate around the trail to identify the vegetation structure importance value, dominance, species diversity, similarity index analysis. Results of the study, plot on the western slopes elevation 423-636m, slopes of $15{\sim}20^{\circ}$ slope areas, Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii, Quercus acutissima, Pinus thunbergii, Pinus rigida, Carpinus coreana, Quercus mongolica are fulfilling a community. Trees layer a height 8~12m, coverage 40~70%, sub-trees layer the height 3~7m, coverage 10~80%, shrubs layer the height 0.8~1.5m, coverage 20-30%, herb layer the height 0.1~0.5m, coverage 5-10% were in the range of plot in the east slope elevation 452-647m, slopes in the slope of $5-30^{\circ}$ and Pinus rigida, Pinus thunbergii, Pinus densiflora, Quercus mongolica, Quercus dentata, Carpinus coreana is fulfilling a community. The trees layer height 8~13m, coverage 0~70%, sub-trees layer the height 2~6m, coverage 0~80%, shrubs layer the height 0.8~1.5m, coverage 20-40%, herb layer the height 0.1-0.5m, coverage 5-40% were in the range. The survey showed to be in relatively good vegetation, but in some areas of Pinus rigida, Quercus acutissima, as was predicted in succession, the shrub layer in the plot of some dominated vine plants and vegetation management will be needed for this purpose respectively.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2023.04a
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• pp.55-55
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• 2023

With the COVID-19 pandemic, there is increasing interest in anti-obesity strategies. According to the National Statistical Office, the obesity rate in Korea was 38.3% in 2020 and 37.1% in 2021. Obesity is a risk factor for several severe diseases, including stroke, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer. Pinus rigida × Pinus taeda is a hybrid of Pinus rigida Mill and Pinus taeda Linn, and its cones are considered a by-product. Although previous studies have investigated their pharmacological effects on antioxidant activity and protection against oxidative DNA damage, few researchers have explored their potential as functional natural materials. Therefore, we evaluated the anti-obesity effects of the cone of ethyl acetate fraction of P. rigida × P. taeda (ERT), specifically its ability to inhibit lipid accumulation. Our analysis showed that ERT contains phytochemicals (catechin and caffeic acid) which are known to improve immune function and inhibit cell damage. ERT inhibited lipid droplet accumulation at the cellular levels through Oil Red O staining. Furthermore, ERT suppressed the expression of adipogenic transcription factors (PPARγ and CEBP/α) as well as downstream lipogenic target genes (FAS and SREBP-1) thereby inhibiting adipogenesis. ERT also down-regulated key adipogenic markers, including aP2α, while inducing the phosphorylation of AMPK. It has been reported that PPARγ and CEBP/α are expressed in the early stages of adipose differentiation, while SREBP-1 is expressed in the late stage. Therefore, our findings suggest that ERT activates AMPK signaling pathways, which inhibits adipogenic transcription factors (PPARγ, C/EBPα, and SREBP1) and lipogenic genes (FAS and aP2α), thereby blocking lipid accumulation and preventing obesity and related disorders. ERT showed potential as a new resource for developing a functional material for anti-obesity agents.