• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources Conference
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• 1997.06a
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• pp.19-39
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• 1997

Extrusion conditions were optimized for blends of ground lamb and starch using a single-screw extruder for the purpose of producing expanded snack-type products. A central composite rotatable response surface methodology(RSM) design was used with variation in feed moisture, process temperature, and screw speed. The three variables significantly affected one or more of the measured physical properties of extrudates. The optimum conditions for minimum shear force values were 26.5% feed moisture, $148^{\circ}C$ process temperature, and 134 rpm screw speed. Lean ground beef, chicken, goat, lamb or mutton was blended with corn starch, and extruded at the optimum condition established from RSM experiments. Physical/rheological properties were generally similar, water activity was low (<0.12) and total aerobic plate counts were <10 for all products. Extrudates containing chicken had the highest ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids, whereas those containing beef had the highest ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids. Sensory data indicated that texture was acceptable and flavor characteristics were not different among the products.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.33-40
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• 2005

In this study, a nano-colloidal silica sol was applied to control the anti-slip property by spraying on kraft paper. Two kinds of nano-colloidal silica sol which have cationic and anionic charge were applied in kraft paper, and the friction and physical strength properties of kraft paper were investigated. The application of colloidal silica sol on wet web in wet-end process by spraying method was tried to improve the friction property and to avoid the general problems of machine contaminations caused by the scattering of sprayed silica particles in dryer part. The physical properties of sheet were also improved by the application of wet web spraying method, and the optimum conditions of wet web spraying operation were closely related with the conditions of pH and electrical charge of wet web and silica sol.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.319-325
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• 2004

An experimental study on the preparation of monolithic porous polymers by environmentally friend process in supercritical carbon dioxide has been carried out. Polymerization mixture composed of a cross-linking monomer, initiator and functional co-polymer was charged in the reactor with sapphire window. After the system was purged with a flow of $CO_2$ for 15 min, the reactor was pressurized with liquid $CO_2$ up to 100 bars. The reactor was isolated from and placed back to the system via quick connector for shaking until the mixture had become fully homogeneous. The reactor was then heated and pressurized to the required reaction conditions and left overnight. After cooling and $CO_2$ evacuation, the polymer was removed from the reactor as dry, white, continuous monoliths. The effect of experimental conditions on the physical properties of porous polymer was systematically examined, and it was found that monomer content had a major effect on the physical properties of the polymers.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 1995

This paper discussed non-physical factors, such as the level of use of organizational channels and the level of R&D investment of the firm. It also explored physical factors such as the distance between the university and industry, transportation conditions between the two, and the availability (surplus capacity) of professors' or firms' research facilities that would affect the interaction such as the contacts in connection with research grants and consultations by professors to high-tech firms. This paper pointed out that the use of organization channel, the level of R&D investment, the availability research facilities of the university and high-tech firm, transportation conditions between the two, subject matter compatibility between professors' areas of expertise and firms' industrial activities, professors' (or staff) research capabilities and professors' (or staff) research times affect the interaction between the university and industry. It also found that the distance between the university and industry affects the interaction between the two in the opposite direction.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.929-935
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• 2005

In this paper, synthetic conditions of titania nanparticle was investigated to enhance its uniformity of the particle size as a child particle on organic mother particle of liquid powder type electronic paper. The physical properties are very important to improve the uniformity of electrical charging properties Concentration of titania raw material ($C_9H_{19}NO_4Ti$) in the ethanol solvent, pH, and concentration of the solution in the D.I. water were selected as parameters. As a result, ultrafine and well crystallized titania nanoparticle with good uniformity could be synthesized as the concentration of the $C_9H_{19}NO_4Ti$ in the ethanol solvent, pH of the solution, and the amount of the D.I. water were increased. Using the optimized conditions, the titania nanparoticle with uniformly ultrafime size of 10 nm could be synthesized.

• Electrical & Electronic Materials
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• v.9 no.8
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• pp.813-818
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• 1996

Amorphous As$_{10}$Ge$_{15}$ Te$_{75}$ device shows the memory switching characteristics under d.c. bias. In bulk material, a-As$_{10}$Ge$_{15}$ Te$_{75}$ switching threshold voltage (V$_{th}$) is very high (above 100 volts), but in the case of thin film, V$_{th}$ decreases to a few or ten a few volts. The characteristics of V$_{th}$ depends on the physical dimensions such as the thickness of thin film and the separation between d.c. electrodes, and the annealing conditions. The switching threshold voltage decreases exponentially with increasing annealing temperature and annealing time, but increases linearly with the thickness of thin film and exponentially with increasing the separation between d.c. electrodes. The desirable low switching threshold voltage, therefore, can be obtained by the stabilization through annealing and changing physical dimensions.imensions.sions.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.1006-1011
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• 2004

Carbon nanotubes have outstanding properties which make them useful for a number of high-technology applications. Especially, single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT), working under physical conditions (in aqueous solution) and converting electrical energy into mechanical energy directly, can be a good substitute for artificial muscle. The carbon nanotube structure simulated in this paper is an isotropic cantilever type with an adhesive tape which is sandwiched between two SWNTs. For predicting the geometrical and physical parameters such as deflection, slope, bending moment and induced force with various applied voltages, the analytical model for a 3 layer bimorph nanotube actuator is developed by applying Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. The governing equation and boundary conditions are derived from energy Principles. Also, the brief history of carbon nonotube is overviewed and its properties are compared with other functional materials. Moreover, an electro-mechanical coupling coefficient of the carbon nanotube actuator is discussed to identify the electro-mechanical energy efficiency.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.415-418
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• 2005

Nowadays the three major commercially available of organic chemical admixtures are modified lignosulfonates(LS), sulfonated naphthalene-formaldehyde resins (SNF) and sulfonated melamine-formaldehye (SMF). In this study, various sulfonated melamine-formaldehyde (SMF) superplasticizers were synthesized via four synthetic steps. Hydroxymethylation (Step 1), Sulfonation (Step 2), Polymerization (Step 3) and Neutralization and Stabilization (Step 4). In this synthesis of SMF, reaction conditions such as the mole ratio of melamine to formaldehyde and the amount of acid catalyst were changed. After application of SMF superplasticizer to cement paste and mortar, the physical properties including workability, slump loss, compressive strength were compared.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.539-544
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• 2009

An estimation of 3D velocity field including occluded parts without maxing tracer to the fluid had not only never been proposed but also impossible by the conventional computer vision algorithm. In this paper, we propose a new method of three dimensional optical flow of the fluid based on physical model, where some boundary conditions are given from a priori knowledge of the flow configuration. Optical flow is obtained by minimizing the mean square errors of a basic constraint and the matching error terms with visual data using Euler equations. Here, Navier-Stokes motion equations and the differences between occluded data and observable data are employed as the basic constrains. we verify the effectiveness of our proposed method by applying our algorithm to simulated data with partly artificially deleted and recovering the lacking data. Next, applying our method to the fluid of observable surface data and the knowledge of boundary conditions, we demonstrate that 3D optical flow are obtained by proposed algorithm.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.614-620
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• 2009

A fuel tank of a vehicle is an important part due to its flammable contents ant its importance during crash conditions. Therefore, the fuel tank's design should be assessed for durability and robustness to ensure safety during the early development phase. Previously, evaluation for the durability was done by testing in physical driving conditions which could only be done after the completion of the vehicle. Computation simulation is a more effective method to evaluate the strength and durability of the fuel tank during the early stage. In this paper, two outstanding computational simulation methods are studied. One evaluates PV cycle fatigue due to build up pressure in the fuel tank and the other evaluates the PSD vibration fatigue from modal characteristics. The results show that computational methods agree with physical tests and are thus suitable to analyze the strength and durability of the fuel tank at early development phase.