• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.49-54
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• 1990

Chlorella cells were cultured with M4N media treated with glucose (5 mM) sucrose (10 mM) and raffinose (30 mM). Phospholipids and their fatty acid compositions were analyzed in the chloroplast isolated from cultured Chlorella cells. Growth rate was prominently raised in the treatment with raffinose. Glucose was the most excellent carbon source in the biosynthesis of total lipid, phosphatidylcholine(PC), phosphatidylethanolamine(PE), phosphatidylinositol(PI) of the chloroplast. Also, the major fatty acids were palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acid during the biosynthesis of phospholipid in the control and in the treatment with carbon sources.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2
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• pp.425.2-425.2
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to prepare thermo-sensitive solid-lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) with a lipid melted at human body temperature and to evaluate physicochemical properties of SLNs containing retinol. anti-wrinkle agent. as a model drug. SLNs were prepared using a high pressure homogenizing method. The SLNs were composed of retinol as a model drug. thermo-sensitive lipid (DS-CBS) as a lipid core. and egg phosphatidylcholine and Tween 80 as surfactants. Manufacturing variables such as homogenization pressure. (omitted)

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2-2
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• pp.247.2-247.2
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• 2003

To increase skin permeability of LMWH (Low Molecular Weight Heparin), ultradeformable liposomes were developed. Ultradeformable liposomes were developed by Egg phosphatidylcholine (Egg-PC) and edge activator. Entrapment efficiency, vesicle size and zeta potential of vesicles were determined and characterized for deformability and stability. Transepidermal permeation of LMWH was compared to saturated aqueous control in vitro. The steady-state flux and its maximum time were calculated from the flux curves. (omitted)

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.1-11
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• 1997

Copper chloride 10 ppm, manganese chloride 100 ppm, nickel chloride 50 ppm을 각각 처리한 Bacillus subtilis를 배양하는 동안에 이들 세포에서 일어나는 인지질 생합성 및 지방산 조성의 변화를 대조구와 비교하여 분석하였다. 세포의 생장과 phosphatidylethanloamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, cardilolpin은 대조구에 비해 금속 화합물 처리구에서 저해되었는데 copper chloride가 가장 큰 억제 효과를 나타내었다. 그러나 phosphatidylinositol은 금속화합물의 영향을 받지 않았다. 인지질 생합성에 이용된 주요 지방산은 대조구에서는 palmitic acid(평균 19.00%)와 stearic acid(평균 9.58%)로 나타났다. 그러나 copper chloride 처리구는 palmitic acid(평균 17.38%)와 oleic acid(평균 15.99%)가 인지질 생합성에 이용된 주요 지방산이었고, manganese chloride 처리구는 palmitic acid(평균 15.00%)와 myristic acid(평균 14.24%), nickel chloride 처리구는 oleic acid(평균 17.87%)와 stearic acid(평균 13.78%)가 인지질 형성에 이용되었다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.251-260
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• 1998

Cromakalim (BRL 34915), known as an airway smooth muscle relaxant, inhibited the releases of mediators in the antigen-induced mast cell activation. It has been suggested that cromakalim, in part, inhibited mediator releases by inhibiting the initial increase of 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) produced by the activation of the other phospholipase system which is different from phosphatidylcholine-phospholipase D pathway. The aim of this study is to further examine the inhibitory mechanism of cromakalim on the mediator release in the mast cell activation. Guinea pig lung mast cells were purified by using enzyme digestion and percoll density gradient. In purified mast cells prelabeled with $[^3H]PIP_2$, phospholipase C (PLC) activity was assessed by the production of $[^3H]$insitol phosphates. Protein kinase C (PKC) activity was assessed by measuring the protein phosphorylated from mast cells prelabeled with $[{\gamma}-32P]ATP$, and Phospholipase $A_2\;(PLA_2)$ activity by measuring the lyso-phosphatidylcholine produced from mast cell prelabeled with 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl $phosphatidyl-[^{14}C]choline$. Histamine was assayed by fluorometric analyzer, and leukotrienes by radioimmunoassay. The PLC activity was increased by activation of the passively sensitized mast cells. This increased PLC activity was decreased by cromakalim pretreatment. The PKC activity increased by the activation of the passively sensitized mast cells was decreased by calphostin C, staurosporine and cromakalim, respectively. The $PLA_2$ activity was increased in the activated mast cells. The pretreatment of cromakalim did not significantly decrease $PLA_2$ activity. These data show that cromakalim inhibits histamine release by continuously inhibiting signal transduction processes which is mediated via PLC pathway during mast cell activation, but that cromakalim does not affect $PLA_2$ activity related to leukotriene release.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.408-413
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• 2006

A strain, P821, with phospholipase D activity was isolated from soil and identified as a Streptomyces species. The phospholipase D enzyme was purified from a culture broth of the isolated strain using ammonium sulfate precipitation and DEAE-Sepharose, phenyl-Sepharose, and Superose 12 HR column chromatographies. The purified enzyme exhibited an optimum temperature and pH of $55^{\circ}C$ and 6.0, respectively, in the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine and remained stable up to $60^{\circ}C$ within a pH range of 3.5-8.0. The enzyme also catalyzed a transphosphatidylation reaction to produce phosphatidylserine with phosphatidylcholine and serine substrates. The optimum conditions for the transphosphatidylation were $30^{\circ}C$ and pH 5.0, indicating quite different optimum conditions for the hydrolysis and transphosphatidylation reactions. The gene encoding the enzyme was cloned by Southern hybridization and colony hybridization using a DNA probe designed from the conserved regions of other known phospholipase D enzymes. The resulting amino acid sequence was most similar to that of the PLD enzyme from Streptomyces halstedii (89.5%). Therefore, the enzyme was confirmed to be a phospholipase D with potential use in the production of phosphatidylserine.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.509-515
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• 1994

한국산 마의 주요 품종인 Dioscorea batatas, D. aimadoimo and D. japonica 3가지 품종의 시료들을 동결건조하여 분말로 만든 다음 지질의 추출, silicic acid column chromatography에 의한 지질의 분획, thin layer chromatography에 의한 지질의 분리 및 gas chromatography에 의한 지방산 조성 등을 행하였다. 총지질의 함량은 D. japonica가 다른 마에 비해 적은 편이었으며, 지질을 분획한 결과 3가지 품종 모두 중성지질이 가장 많았고 그 다음 당지질, 인지질 순으로 나타났다. 분획한 각 지방의 구성 지질로는 중성지질이 sterolester, triglyceride, 1,3-diglyceride, 1,2-diglyceride 및 monoglycerid였고, 당지질에서 acylsterylglycoside, sterylglycoside, digalactosyldiglyceride 및 sulfolipid였고, 인지질에서 phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine 및 phosphatidylinositol 이었다. GC에 의한 총지질의 지방산 조성은 팔미트산과 리놀레산이 가장 많은 부분을 차지하였고 불포화지방산 함량이 포화지방산 함량보다 많았다. 또한 중성지질, 당지질 및 인지질의 지방산 조성도 총 지질을 구성하는 지방산 조성과 같은 양상을 보여 주었다.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.77-82
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• 1990

Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine(DPPC)과 dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid(DPPA) 리포좀내 이중층의 열적 상전이에 미치는 칼슘과 페노치아진 유도체의 영향을 시차 열량 분석계로 연구하였다. 인지질 이중층은 가열시 어느 특정온도에서 급격한 구조적 변화를 가져왔다. 이러한 온도에 의존한 변화는 순수 인지질의 경우 특이할 만큼 예민하였다. 순수 인지질에 페노치아진 유도체를 가하였을 때 순수 인지질의 상전이 온도보다 낮은 온도에서 일어 났으며 상전이 열그림을 넓적하게 만들었다. 칼슘 이온은 DPPC: DPPA(34: 66mol%)의 상전이 온도를 높였다. 그러나 위의 혼합 인지질에 페노치아진 유도체를 가하였을 때 $73^{\circ}C$에서의 작고 넓적한 곡선 부분이 사라졌다. 이러한 현상은 아마도 칼슘과 폐노치아진 유도체의 산성 인지질의 친수부분에서 상호 경쟁적 작용에 기인된 것으로 추정되어진다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.163-167
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• 2010

This study investigated the effects of the methanol extracts of Morinda citrifolia containing numerous anthraquinone and iridoid on phospholipase $A_2$ ($PLA_2$) isozyme. $PLA_2$ activity was measured using various $PLA_2$ substrates, including 10-pyrene phosphatidylcholine, 1-palmitoyl-2-[$^{14}C$]arachidonyl phosphatidylcholine ([$^{14}C$]AA-PC), and [$^3H$]arachidonic acid (AA). The methanol extracts suppressed melittin-induced [$_3H$]AA release in a concentration-dependent manner in RAW 264.7 cells, and inhibited $cPLA_2/sPLA_2$-induced hydrolysis of [$^{14}C$]AA-PC in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. A Dixon plot showed that the inhibition by methanol extracts on $cPLA_2$ and $sPLA_2$ appeared to be competitive with inhibition constants ($K_i$) of $3.7{\mu}g/ml$ and $12.6{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. These data suggest that methanol extracts of Morinda citrifolia inhibits both $Ca^{2+}$-dependent $PLA_2$ such as, $cPLA_2$ and $sPLA_2$. Therefore, Morinda citrifolia may possess anti-inflammatory activity secondary to $Ca^{2+}$-dependent $PLA_2$ inhibition.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권10호
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• pp.1140-1152
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• 1997

Serum and liver lipid levels and fatty acid composition of liver phospolipids (PL) were investigated in 36 rats which consumed either one of five different dietary fats or a high carbohydrate diet for 4 weeks. As the sources of five dietary fats, concentrated cicosapentaenoic acid(EPA), fish oil (FO), perilla oil(PO), corn oil(CO) and beef tallow (BT) were provided to the rats. As a control group, cron starch (CS) replaced dietary fat. The FO group showed lower serum total cholesterol (TC), high density lipiprotein cholesterol(HDL-C) and serum PL levels than those of the CO group(p<0.05). There were no significant differences in serum TC and serum HDL-C levels between the polyunsatured fatty acid(PUFA) groups and the EPA, FO and PO groups. The CS group showed the highest level serum TC. Compared with the CS group, both the EPA and CO groups showed significantly lower atherogenic indices(AI). However, there were no significant differences in AI among different dietary fat groups. No significant differences in liver triglyceride (TG) , TC and PL levels were detected among the six experimental groups. Phosphatidylcholine(PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine(PE) composed 30-40% and 15-20% of total liver PL, respectively. The fatty acid composition of liver PC and PE reflected dietary fatty acid composition . Compared to the different dietary fat based diets used in our study, the high carbohydrate diet had the most adverse effects on serum lipid profiles. However, we can not conclude from this result that long chain n-3 PUFA diets such as the EPA and FO based diets have more beneficial effects on serum lipid profiles than n-6 PUFA diet such as the CO based diet or shorter chain n-3 PUFA diets like the PO based diet.