• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.61-71
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• 2008

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, impulsiveness and problems in other higher cognitive processes such as executive function deficits. Currently, there are many treatment modalities, of which pharmacotherapy is the most strongly supported by scientific and clinical evidence. Stimulants, which are first choice in the pharmacological treatment of ADHD, block dopamine reuptake by binding the dopamine transporter and so increasing the concentration of dopamine in synaptic clefts. Stimulants are effective in improving core ADHD symptoms, as well as the nonspecific symptoms, such as aggressiveness and oppositional behavior. Frequently reported short-term adverse effects are decreased appetite, sleep disturbance, headache, dizziness and irritability. Although questions have been raised about the long-term side effects of stimulants, including growth suppression, cardiovascular events, and abuse potential, there is no clear evidence to support these concerns.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.196-202
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• 2002

Aphasia is frequent in stroke patients and most patients with aphasia exhibit spontaneous progressive improvement in language abilities over time, but few recover completely. Neurological variables, especially initial severity of aphasia and time post-onset, appear to have influence on improvement. Effect of speech therapy and pharmacotherapy has been studied and some drugs, like amphetamine are proved to be benefit for recovery of aphasia following stroke. But there has been few evidence to facilitate recovery from aphasia by acupuncture or herbal medication therapy. So we report two cases of aphasic stroke patients who treated by combination therapy of acupuncture, herbal medication(Cheongsinhaeo-tang) and speech therapy over 6 months and improved in language abilities. Further clinical studies will be needed to explore the effects of acupuncture and herbal medication therapy for aphasia. Researchers should examine the long term effect of these treatment, and whether it is more effective than speech therapy and western pharmacotherapy or not..

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.11
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• pp.1147-1151
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• 2008

Functional urinary incontinence, the absence of any neurologic or structural abnormality as a cause of urinary incontinence in children, is one of the most common clinical problems encountered in pediatric and urologic departments, and it can be socially and emotionally distressing for the affected children. The prevalence rates of functional urinary incontinence in school-aged children are not very high and differ between boys and girls. The underlying mechanisms of functional urinary incontinence are heterogenous and can be associated with the following dysfunctions of both the storage and voiding patterns of the bladder: overactive bladder, dysfunctional voiding, lazy bladder syndrome, HinmanAllen syndrome, giggle incontinence, and vaginal voiding. Treatment methods for urinary incontinence in children should be chosen according to these clinical conditions. Treatment modalities generally consist of the treatment of comorbid conditions such as urinary infection and constipation, behavior therapy to modify learned voiding patterns, and pharmacotherapy primarily with anticholinergics and ${\alpha}$-adrenergic blockers. This review discusses the optimal treatment modalities, including treatment of the underlying voiding disorders, and diagnostic approaches related to functional urinary incontinence in children.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.185-189
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• 2016

Urotensin-2 receptor (UTS2R) is the most potent vasoconstrictor and plays a major role in the pathophysiology of various cardiovascular diseases and becomes a potential target for human pharmacotherapy. The crystal structure of Urotension-2 receptor has not yet been resolved. Hence, in the current study homology modelling of UTS2R was done utilizing the crystal structure of human delta opioid receptor as the template. Since the template has low sequence identity, we have incorporated both comparative modelling and threading approach to generate the three dimensional structure. 10 models were generated and validated. The reported models can be used to characterize the critical amino acid residues in the binding site of UTS2R.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.441-452
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• 2012

Most of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder(TMD) is temporary and self-limiting as other musculoskeletal diseases. Conservative, reversible treatment; self care, behavior modification, physical therapy, pharmacotherapy, splint therapy should be considered as initial treatment for temporomandibular disorder rather than non conservative, irreversible treatment.

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
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• v.33 no.48
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• pp.306.1-306.6
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• 2018

This study examined the add-on efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy among adult civilians with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who continued to be symptomatic after more than 12 weeks of initial antidepressant treatment. Scores for the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) were rated pre- and post-EMDR and at a 6-month follow-up. After an average of six sessions of EMDR treatment, seven of 14 patients (50%) showed more than a 30% decrease in CAPS score and eight (57%) no longer met the criteria for PTSD. Our results indicate that EMDR could be successfully added after failure of initial pharmacotherapy for PTSD.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.80 no.3
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• pp.311-312
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• 2017

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1978.09a
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• pp.19-20
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• 1978

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.94-100
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• 2006

Objective : This study was designed to examine the volumetric abnormality of orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and its change after 2 years of pharmacotherapy in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) patients. Method : Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging studies were conducted in 15 OCD patients and 13 normal volunteers. For 2 years, all patients took at least one serotonin reuptake inhibitor and atypical antipsychotics were used as an augmentation therapy in most patients. The follow-up MRI studies were conducted after the pharmacotherapy and OFC volumes were measured by the manual region of interest method. Results : Bilateral OFC volumes of 15 OCD patients were significantly greater than those of the normal volunteers before the treatment. After 2 years of the treatment, significant decrease was observed in bilateral OFC volumes of OCD patients to the extent that left OFC volume of OCD patients was not different from that of the normal volunteers. Conclusion : This finding suggests that OFC is directly related to the pathophysiology of obsessive compulsive disorder.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.226-232
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• 2001

The pharmacotherapy of depression has reduced morbidity and improved outcome for many depressive patients. A wide range of classical and new antidepressants are available for their treatment. However, 30-40% of all patients do not respond sufficiently to the initial treatment and present adverse effects. Pharmacogenetics studies the genetic basis of an individual's ability to respond to pharmacotherapy. Recently, some reports on serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms and their influence on the response to antidepressive therapy provide an interesting diagnostic tool in assessing the chances of response to antidepressants. We also investigated the relationship between serotonin transprter polymorphisms(5-HTTLPR) and the long-term effect of the antidepressant treatment. 128 depressive patients were enrolled into 2nd year study. The therapeutic response of each subset was not different at 8th, 16th week, but the subset with homozygote(l/l) of long variant showed a better therapeutic response to antidepressant than the heterozygote(l/s) of long and short variant, which showed a better therapeutic response than the subset with homozygote (s/s) of short variant at 1st year and 2nd year after the antidepressant treatment. This result shows that the serotonin transporter polymorphisms may be related to the long-term effect of antidepressant treatment. The potential for pharmacogenomics, the use of genetic information to guide pharmacotherapy and improve outcome by providing individualized treatment decisions, has gained increasing attention. pharmacogenomics will contribute to individualize drug choice by using genotype to predict positive clinical outcomes, adverse reactions, and levels of drug metabolism. Personalized medicine, the use of marker-assisted diagnosis and targeted therapies derived from an individual molecular profile, will impact the antidepressant therapy and this approach will replace the traditional trial-and-error practice of medicine.