• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.179-193
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• 2008

Objective: The antioxidant and anti-Alzheimer effects of Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (SZS) water extract against the amyloid beta peptide (1-42) or H202-induced oxidative damage and cell death were investigated in rat pheochromocytoma line PC 12. Methods: The cells were incubated with SZS water extract and oxidative damage-inducing materials, amyloid beta peptide (1-42) or H2O2 for 24 h. The cellular viability was assessed by WST-1 assay, cytotoxic damage by LDH activity assay, oxidative damages of cells by fluorescence spectrophotometric method, and apoptosis by TUNEL staining assay. Results and Conclusions: 1. Preincubation of the cells with SZS water extract prior to amyloid beta peptide (1-42) (2 uM) or H2O2 (30 uM) exposure elevated the cell survival close to the control and decreased the level of LDH activity and the fluorescence from the cell homogenates and TUNEL staining of the cells, compared to only amyloid beta peptide (1-42) (2 uM) or H2O2 (30 uM) treated conditions. 2. Our study suggests that Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (SZS) water extract has protective effects against amyloid beta peptide (1-42) or H2O2-induced cell toxicity through the antioxidation mechanism, which might be beneficial for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.3820-3825
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of acute exercise on antioxidative enzymes in noramal and obese men. The written informed consent was obtained from 16 participants of eight normally healthy persons and eight obesity ones. The baseline level of obesity was determined at 25 % of the body fat. Any subjects had no experiences in participating in exercise and did not take vitamin or mineral supplement. Blood was sampled at five minutes before exercise, at exhaustion, and after 30 minutes of recovery. All statistical analyses and description methods were computed by SPSS window 14.0. Analysis of Covariance(ANCOVA) was performed to know the differences in values between pre- and post- exercise in each group. We found that after exhaustion, the normal group showed higher erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity compared to the obesity group. At exhaustion, the normal group had lower HSP activity compared to the obesity group. Based on the results, an acute exercise of normally healthy people induced an up-regulation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. This plays an important role in the protection of extra-cellular fluid components against peroxide-mediated damage.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.123-139
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• 2014

Objectives : This study was performed to investigate the inhibitory effects of Cheongshimyeonja-tang water extracts(CSYJ) on high fat diet-induced obesity and hyperlipidemia in C57BL/6J mice. Methods : The experimental animals were divided into four groups; normal diet-fed control(ND), high fat diet-fed control(HFD), HFD+CSYJ 150 mg/kg(CSYJ 150), and HFD+CSYJ 300 mg/kg(CSYJ 300). Obesity with hyperlipidemia was induced by feeding high fat diet(40%), and CSYJ was administrated orally into mice every day for 5 weeks. The effect of CSYJ on the serological parameters for Obesity with hyperlipidemia was evaluated. Results : CSYJ-treated groups revealed significantly reduced body weight and feed intake, as well as feed efficiency ratio, compared to HFD-fed group in dose-dependent manner. CSYJ reduced significantly the serum levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol elevated by intake of high fat diet feed, while the increased serum levels of HDL-cholesterol attenuated levels of atherogenic index and cardiac risk factor. It also reduced the blood levels of insulin and leptin in HFD group, and inhibited lipid accumulation in organs such as liver and abdomal adipose tissue. Moreover oral administration of CSYJ decreased significantly the blood level of alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), and lipid peroxide(LPO), compared to HFD-fed group in dose-dependent manner. Conclusions : These results indicate that CSYJ could reduce high fat diet-induced obesity and hyperlipidemia, suggesting its clinical usefulness for declining body fat and hyperlipidemia.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.221-225
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• 2011

This study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between in vitro maturation and plasminogen activators (PAs) activity on porcine cumulus-oocytes complexes (COCs) exposed to oxidative stress. When COCs were cultured in maturation medium with hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$), the proportion of the germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and oocytes maturation were decrease with addition of $H_2O_2$, and were significantly (p<0.05) lower in medium with 0.1 mM $H_2O_2$ than control group. Also, the rate of degenerated oocytes was increased in as $H_2O_2$ concentration in eased. When COCs were cultured for 48 h, three plasminogen-dependent lytic bands were observed: tissue-type PA (tPA); urokinase-type PA (uPA); and tPA-PA inhibitor (tPA-PAI). PA activity was quantified using SDS-PAGE and zymography. When $H_2O_2$ concentration was increased, tPA and tPA-PAI activities also increased in porcine oocytes cultured for 48 h, but not uPA. In other experiment, embryos were divided into three groups and cultured in (1) control medium, (2) control medium with 1.0 mM $H_2O_2$ and (3) control medium with 1.0 mM $H_2O_2$ along with catalase in concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/ml, respectively. $H_2O_2$ decreased the rate of GVBD and maturation in porcine COCs but catalase revealed protective activity, against oxidative stress caused by $H_2O_2$. In this experiment, tPA and tPA-PAI activities were higher in media with 1.0 mM $H_2O_2$ alone. Increasing concentration of catalase decreased tPA and tPA-PAI activities in porcine oocytes. These results indicate that the exposure of porcine follicular oocytes to ROS inhibits oocytes maturation to metaphase-II stage and increase the oocytes degeneration. Also, we speculated that increased ROS level may trigger tPA and tPA-PAI activities in porcine oocytes matured in vitro.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.275-282
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• 2005

By using differential display, we identified one of the genes encoding the multi-subunit complex protein V-ATPase, c subunit gene (ATP6L), and showed alterations of the gene expression by oxidative stresses. Expression of the ATP6L gene in Neuro-2A cells was increased by the treatment with $H_2O_2$ and incubation in hypoxic chamber, implying that the expression of the ATP6L gene is regulated by oxidative stresses. To examine mechanisms involved in the regulation of the gene expression by oxidative stresses, the transcriptional activity of the rat ATP6L promoter was studied. Transcription initiation site was determined by primer extension analysis and DNA sequencing, and promoter of the rat ATP6L and its deletion clones were constructed in reporter assay vector. Significant changes of the promoter activities in Neuro-2A cells were observed in two regions within the proximal 1 kbp promoter, and one containing a suppressor was in -195 to -220, which contains GC box that is activated by binding of Sp1 protein. The suppression of promoter activity was lost in mutants of the GC box. We confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift and supershift assays that Sp1 protein specifically binds to the GC box. The promoter activity was not changed by the $H_2O_2$ treatment and incubation in hypoxic chamber, however, $H_2O_2$ increased the stability of ATP6L mRNA. These data suggest that the expression of the ATP6L gene by oxidative stresses is regulated at posttranscriptional level, whereas the GC box is important in basal activities of the promoter.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.268-272
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• 2007

A study on the evolution of acid value, peroxide value and biogenic amines in silkworm pupa during 7 days at different temperature of storage (-18, 25 and $35^{\circ}C$) was performed. Seven biogenic amines (putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, spermidine, spermine and 2-phenylethylamine) were determined. Acid value in Silkworm pupa increased both during normal temperature $(25^{\circ}C)$ and room temperature $(35^{\circ}C)$ and thebiogenic amine (histamine, tyramine) content generally increased in $25^{\circ}C\;and\;35^{\circ}C$ with storage time. Significant differences were found (P<0.05) in the levels of tyramine and histamine among Silkworm pupa. The relationship of storage time and acid value of Silkworm pupa were resolved a simple linear equation, and histamine and tyramine could be predicted using this equation. Quality indices related to the contents of the major biogenic amines were calculated and they correlated well with physicochemical characteristics qualities such as acid value.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2011

Many anticancer agents as well as ionizing radiation have been shown to induce autophagy which is originally described as a protein recycling process and recently reported to play a crucial role in various disorders. In HCT116 human colon cancer cells, we found that curcumin, a polyphenolic phytochemical extracted from the plant Curcuma longa, markedly induced the conversion of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-I to LC3-II and degradation of sequestome-1 (SQSTM1) which is a marker of autophagosome degradation. Moreover, we found that curcumin caused GFP-LC3 formation puncta, a marker of autophagosome, and decrease of GFP-LC3 and SQSTM1 protein level in GFP-LC3 expressing HCT116 cells. It was further confirmed that treatment of cells with hydrogen peroxide induced increase of LC3 conversion and decrease of GFP-LC3 and SQSTM1 levels, but these changes by curcumin were almost completely blocked in the presence of antioxidant, N-acetylcystein (NAC), indicating that curcumin leads to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which results in autophagosome development and autolysosomal degradation. In parallel with NAC, SQSTM1 degradation was also diminished by bafilomycin A, a potent inhibitor of autophagosome-lysosome fusion, and cell viability assay was further confirmed that cucurmin-induced cell death was partially blocked by bafilomycin A as well as NAC. We also observed that NAC abolished curcumin-induced activation of extracelluar signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 112 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), but not Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). However, the activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK seemed to have no effect on the curcumin-induced autophagy, since both the conversion of LC3 protein and SQSTM1 degradation by curcumin was not changed in the presence of NAC. Taken together, our data suggest that curcumin induced ROS production, which resulted in autophagic activation and concomitant cell death in HCT116 human colon cancer cell. However, ROS-dependent activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK, but not JNK, might not be involved in the curcumin-induced autophagy.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.91-99
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• 2010

Extraction and bleaching of citric acid- and pepsin-soluble collagens (ASC and PSC, respectively) from shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) skin and muscle were investigated. The optimal sodium hydroxide concentration for extraction was 0.3 M and the optimal treatment time for removal of foreign material was 9 h. The optimal sodium hypochlorite level for bleaching of shark skin was 0.48% (w/v), and sodium hypochlorite was a better bleaching agent than acetone, hydrogen peroxide (10%, v/v), sodium sulfite (0.48%, w/v), sodium thiosulfate (0.48%, w/v), or sodium metabisulfite (0.48%, w/v). Optimal citric acid concentration and extraction time for ASC were 0.3 M and 72 h, respectively, whereas optimal conditions for extraction of PSC were treatment with 0.1 M citric acid containing 0.1% (w/v) pepsin for 24 h. Protein contents in ASSC (acid-soluble shark skin collagen), ASMC (acid-soluble shark meat collagen), PSSC (pepsin-soluble shark skin collagen), and PSMC (pepsin-soluble shark meat collagen) were 88.66%, 83.09%, 90.33%, and 84.81% (on a dry weight basis), respectively, similar to that of commercial marine collagen (88.86%). Net collagen contents of ASSC, ASMC, PSSC, and PSMC, calculated from hydroxyproline levels, were 70.31%, 25.70%, 83.09%, and 32.94%, respectively. The yields of freeze-dried ASSC, ASMC, PSSC,and PSMC were 57.22%, 53.85%, 23.28%, and 20.61%.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2017

Background: In oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production contributes to cellular dysfunction and initiates the apoptotic cascade. Autophagy is considered the mechanism that decreases ROS concentration and oxidative damage. Propofol shows antioxidant properties, but the mechanisms underlying the effect of propofol preconditioning (PPC) on oxidative injury remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated whether PPC protects against cell damage from hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)-induced oxidative stress and influences cellular autophagy. Method: COS-7 cells were randomly divided into the following groups: control, cells were incubated in normoxia (5% $CO_2$, 21% $O_2$, and 74% $N_2$) for 24 h without propofol; $H_2O_2$, cells were exposed to $H_2O_2$ ($400{\mu}M$) for 2 h; $PPC+H_2O_2$, cells pretreated with propofol were exposed to $H_2O_2$; and 3-methyladenine $(3-MA)+PPC+H_2O_2$, cells pretreated with 3-MA (1 mM) for 1 h and propofol were exposed to $H_2O_2$. Cell viability was determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide thiazolyl blue (MTT) reduction. Apoptosis was determined using Hoechst 33342 staining and fluorescence microscopy. The relationship between PPC and autophagy was detected using western blot analysis. Results: Cell viability decreased more significantly in the $H_2O_2$ group than in the control group, but it was improved by PPC ($100{\mu}M$). Pretreatment with propofol effectively decreased $H_2O_2$-induced COS-7 cell apoptosis. However, pretreatment with 3-MA inhibited the protective effect of propofol during apoptosis. Western blot analysis showed that the level of autophagy-related proteins was higher in the $PPC+H_2O_2$ group than that in the $H_2O_2$ group. Conclusion: PPC has a protective effect on $H_2O_2$-induced COS-7 cell apoptosis, which is mediated by autophagy activation.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2001

This study was carried out to evaluate whether antioxidant nutrient suppplementation with $\alpha$-tocopherol, vitamin C, $\beta$-carotene, and selenium reduces the lipid peroxide levels and increases the antioxidative enzyme activities in patients with coronary hart disease. Eighty nine patients participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The antioxidant group (45 patients) was given daily doses of $\alpha$-tocopherol (400 IU), vitamin C (50 mg), $\beta$-carotene (15 mg), and selenium (50 $\mu\textrm{g}$) and forty four patients received a placebo. Thirty eight subjects (84.4%) of the antioxidant group and thirty nine subjects (88.6%) of the placebo group completed the three-month supplementation. Serum levels of tocopherol, vitamin C and $\beta$-carotene significantly increased in the antioxidant group compared with the baseline (p<0.05). Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances(TBARS) decreased significantly (0.6 nmol MDA/mL) in the antioxidant group compared with that (0.09 nmol MDA/mL) in the placebo group (p=0.03). However, antioxidant supplementation did not affect the level of oxidized-LDL measured as autoantibodies against oxidized-LDL. The superoxide dimutase activity in red blood cells increased in the antioxidant group compared with the baseline (p<0.05). However, glutathione peroxidase activities did not change after supplementation in both groups, and catalase activity significantly decreased in the placebo group (p<0.05). These results suggest that antioxidant supplementation for 3 months with $\alpha$-tocopherol, vitamin C, $\beta$-carotene and selenium in patients with coronary heat disease may be partially protective against oxidative stress.