• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.625-637
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• 2022

With regard to the indolent clinical characteristics of prostate cancer (PCa), the more selective detection of clinically significant PCa (CSC) has been emphasized in its diagnosis and management. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has advanced technically, and recent international cooperation has provided a standardized imaging and reporting system for prostate MRI. Accordingly, prostate MRI has recently been investigated and utilized as a triage tool before biopsy to guide tissue sampling to increase the detection rate of CSC beyond the staging tool for patients in whom PCa was already confirmed on conventional systematic biopsy. Radiologists must understand the current paradigm shift for better PCa diagnosis and management. This article reviewed the recent literature, demonstrating the diagnostic value of pre-biopsy prostate MRI with targeted biopsy and discussed unsolved issues regarding the paradigm shift in the diagnosis of PCa.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.315-322
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of three kinds of modes using bolus button of PCA on level of pain and side effects of analgesic and amount of drug consumption in post-operative patients according to whether the medication is controlled by the patient, the caregiver or the nurse. Method: The participants were 684 patients using PCA after an operation. The data collection period was from March 19 to April 6, 2007. Results: It was found that there were statistical differences in gender, age, type of surgery, pain on first post-operative day, amount of drug consumption, nausea, and vomiting. The ratio for patient controlled medication was 55.7% for women, and 70.5% for men, and for care-giver controlled medication, 35.1% for women, and 20.0% for men. Average pain scores for the first post-operative day were $3.9{\pm}2.2$ for patient controlled medication and $4.5{\pm}2.3$ for care-giver controlled medication. There were statistical differences according to mode used for PCA for amount of drug consumptions, nausea and vomiting but not for pain, operation day or pruritus. Conclusion: This study was carried out to examine risks according to who controls the PCA for post-operative patients. The results can help to develop education program for everyone who is involved in PCA, patients, caregivers, nurses and doctors.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.385-392
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• 2015

주성분분석은 차원축소를 위한 대표적 기법이다. 주성분분석에서 변수들이 측정단위가 다르거나 분산의 불균형이 심할 경우 흔히 변수를 표준화한 다음 분석할 것이 권장된다. 표준화 변환은 표준편차를 나누어주는 변환인데, 측정단위에 무관하게 만들기 위해서라면 평균을 나누어주는 변환도 고려해볼 수 있다. 표준화 변환을 한 다음 주성분분석하는 것은 상관행렬로 주성분분석하는 것과 같은데, 평균을 나누어주는 변환을 한 후 주성분분석하는 것은 변동계수와 관련된 행렬로 주성분분석하는 것과 같음을 보이고, 그렇게 변환을 한 다음 주성분분석을 실시하는 것이 왜 필요한가를 설명하였다.

• 정보처리학회논문지B
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• 제11B권6호
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• pp.645-652
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• 2004

생체 특징 중에서 서명은 취득 시마다 환경이나 감정변화에 따라 동일인이라 하더라도 서명간에 변이가 존재하며 그 변이특성이 지문과 홍채와 같은 다른 생체 특징보다 크게 나타난다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 주성분분석기법과 선형판별기법을 이용하여 서명 변이에도 강인한 서명 검증 기법을 제안한다. 제안한 방법은 서명 변화에 대한 영향을 최소화하기 위해 서명을 새로운 격자분할 방식에 의해 수직축과 수평축으로 투영시켰다. 투영된 서명은 주성분분석(PCA) 기법과 선형판별분석(LDA) 기법을 이용하여 각각의 서명에 대한 특징을 산출한 후 서명검증을 하였다. 제안된 서명검증 알고리즘의 타당성을 검토하기 위해 실험한 결과, 오거부율이 약 1.45%일 때 오인식률이 2.1% 결과를 보였다.

• 정보처리학회논문지:소프트웨어 및 데이터공학
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• 제2권7호
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• pp.503-506
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• 2013

본 논문에서는 기존의 CS-LBP를 변형한 ECSP 전처리 기법과 조명에 강인한 D2D-PCA 특징을 결합하는 얼굴인식 방법에 대하여 제안한다. 제안하는 얼굴인식 방법의 성능평가는 Yale B 데이터베이스 상에서 기존의 다양한 이진패턴 변환 영상과 얼굴인식에 널리 사용되고 있는 PCA 및 2D-PCA 특징을 이용하여 수행되었다. 실험 결과, 제안하는 얼굴인식 방법은 다른 방법들에 비하여 가장 높은 인식 성능을 보였으며, 이로부터 제안 시스템이 조명 변화에 강인한 얼굴인식 방법임을 확인하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.69-73
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• 1998

Background: The postoperative pain in children and adolescents is most commonly managed by intramuscular injections of NSAIDs or opioids. This approach may result in fluctuating plasma drug levels and cycles of pain, comfort, and sedation. Patient-controlled analgesia(PCA) is a method of analgesia administration that consists of a computer-driven pump with a button that the patient may press to administer a small dose of analgesic drug. Materials & Methods: Forty ASA physical status 1 or 2 children and adolescents were divided into two groups. In the PRN group, patients received intramuscularly diclofenac(Valentac$^{(R)}$) on a p.r.n. basis. The PCA group patients received a mixture of nalbuphine and ketorolac by WalkMed$^{(R)}$PCA infusor. Analgesic efficacy was evaluated with NRS(numerical rating scale) and Faces Pain Rating Scale. The side effects were evaluated. Results: The patients of PCA group had less pain than those of PRN group. Complications were similar in both group. Conclusions: PCA with nalbuphine and ketorolac is a safe and effective methods of pain relief in children and adolescents after surgery, and is better accepted than intramuscular injections.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제57권6호
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• pp.436-439
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• 2015

The majority of clinical studies on moyamoya disease (MMD) have focused on anterior circulation. The disease involvement of posterior circulation in MMD, mainly in the posterior cerebral artery (PCA), has been mentioned since the early 1980s, and it has been repeatedly emphasized as one of the most important factors related to poor prognosis in MMD. However, its clinical features and outcome have only been elucidated during the last few years. In this review, the angiographic definition of PCA stenosis is summarized. The clinical features are elucidated as being either early-onset or delayed-onset, according to the time of PCA stenosis diagnosis in reference to the anterior circulation revascularization surgeries. The surgical strategy and hypothesis on the mechanism of PCA stenosis is also briefly mentioned. It appears that some MMD patients may show PCA stenosis during the early or late course of the disease and that the presenting symptoms may vary. Because the hemodynamic compromise caused by PCA stenosis may respond well to surgical treatment, clinicians should be aware of the condition, especially during follow-up of MMD patients.

• International Journal of Contents
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2007

This paper proposes a technique for principal component analysis (PCA) to raise the recognition rate of a front face in a low dimension by hierarchical image and parallel processing structure. The conventional PCA shows a recognition rate of less than 50% in a low dimension (dimensions 1 to 6) when used for facial recognition. In this paper, a face is formed as images of 3 fixed-size levels: the 1st being a region around the nose, the 2nd level a region including the eyes, nose, and mouth, and the 3rd level image is the whole face. PCA of the 3-level images is treated by parallel processing structure, and finally their similarities are combined for high recognition rate in a low dimension. The proposed method under went experimental feasibility study with ORL face database for evaluation of the face recognition function. The experimental demonstration has been done by PCA and the proposed method according to each level. The proposed method showed high recognition of over 50% from dimensions 1 to 6.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SP
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.28-33
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 동영상 압축 부호화에 대한 표준안인 MPEG 기반의 압축 비디오 스트림으로부터 DCT DC 계수를 추출하구 이들로 구성된 DE 영상으로부터 장면 전환 검출을 수행한 후 대표 프레임을 추출한다. 또한 추출된 대표 프레임을 PCA(Principal Component Analysis) 방법을 이용하여 데이터베이스의 색인 정보로 저장한 후 입력된 질의 영상과 가장 유사한 대표 영상들을 검색하는 방법에 대해 제안한다. 즉, 추출된 대표 프레임에 대해 주성분해석 기법을 적용하여 통계적인 특성을 가진 데이터를 특징으로 추출함으로써 코드워드의 수에 따른 코드북을 생성하고 이를 데이터베이스의 색인 정보로 저장한다. 실험 결과 제안된 방법이 검색에 있어 우수한 성능을 나타내고 또한 통계적인 데이터의 특성을 이용하기 때문에 처리 시간과 상당한 양의 메모리 공간을 줄일 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.498-507
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of preoperative PCA (Patient-Controlled Analgesia) education on pain, patient attitude, and patient satisfaction in surgical patients. Methods: The study was a quasi-experimental research design. The participants were 54 patients who were admitted for surgery at I hospital in G city, Korea. Of the 54 patients, 26 were assigned to the experimental group and the rest to the control group. The PCA education was provided in the nurses' station, individually to patients in the experimental group the day before their operation. Multimedia and brochure, and a real PCA model were used. The control group received only verbal education about PCA. Results: The postoperative pain scores were significantly different for lapse of time in the experimental group compare to the control group. Patient attitude toward using pain medicine was significantly more positive in the experimental group than in the control group. The postoperative patient satisfaction with pain management was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. Conclusion: The study findings indicate that preoperative PCA education could be an effective nursing intervention for pain management of surgical patients.