• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.358-363
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• 2004

Background : Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the use of photosensitizing agents for treatment of malignant disease. PDT is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the endobronchial microinvasive nonsmall cell lung cancer and for palliation in patients with obstructing tumors. We report our experience and results of PDT in lung cancer. Method : Ten patients with lung cancer who were diagnosed in Chosun university hospital by histologic confirm through bronchoscopy were included between August 2002 and May 2003. The photosensitizer (Photogem$^{(R)}$, Lomonosov institute of Fine Chemical, Russia/dose 2.0 mg/kg body weight) was injected 48 hours prior to the PDT session. For PDT with the photosensitizer (Photogem$^{(R)}$), Diode LASER system (Biolitec Inc., Germany, wavelength; 633nm) were used. PDTs were done at 48-72 hours after photogem injection. Follow up bronchoscopy and chest X-ray or thorax computerized tomography were done for evaluate PDT response. Results : 9 of 10 patients with endobronchial obstruction showed partial remission with bronchus opening after PDT. Direct reaction of the tumor to PDT was similar in despite of its localization. It was as follows; edema, hyperemia, in-situ bleeding, fibrin film occurrence. Any other complications such as sunburns of skin, inflammation within the PDT zone were not occurred by the end of the fourth week. Conclusion : In the advanced endobronchial disease, PDT has been shown to be useful in treating endobronchial tumors that are causing clinically significant dyspnea or are likely to progress and lead to further clinical complications, such as postobstructive pneumonia.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.119-134
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the analgesic effects of filiform acupuncture and laser acupuncture at the points of $TE_3{\cdot}GB_{41}$ in neuropathic pain induced rats. Methods : Neuropathic pain in rats was induced by partial resection of the tibial and sural nerves. Three weeks after the neuropathic surgery, each of the experimental groups(AT, LAT, AT + LAT and LAT + AT) was injected at the $TE_3{\cdot}GB_{41}$ twice per week for three weeks. Results : 1. All of the experimental groups(AT, LAT, AT + LAT and LAT + AT) showed a significant decrease in the plantar withdrawal response of allodynia and the thermal allodynia as compared with the control group. During the early phase, the AT and AT + LAT groups have been marked as more significant than the LAT + AT and LAT groups. 2. The expression of c-Fos significantly decreased in the LAT and LAT + AT groups as compared with the control group. 3. The LAT + AT group showed a significant decrease in Bax as compared with the control group. In each experimental groups(AT, LAT, AT + LAT and LAT + AT), Bcl-2 increased and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio decreased as compared with the control group. 4. The LAT, AT + LAT and LAT + AT groups showed a significant increase in mGluR5 as compared with the control group. Conclusions : These results represented that the filiform acupuncture and laser acupuncture at the $TE_3{\cdot}GB_{41}$ exerted anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects on the model of neuropathic pain, thereby suggesting that they should be available for decreasing mechanical allodynia.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.127-154
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• 2020

Disproportionate collapse triggered by local structural failure may cause huge casualties and economic losses, being one of the most critical civil engineering incidents. It is generally recognized that ensuring robustness of a structure, defined as its insensitivity to local failure, is the most acceptable and effective method to arrest disproportionate collapse. To date, the concept of robustness in its definition and quantification is still an issue of controversy. This paper presents a detailed review on about 50 quantitative measures of robustness for building structures, being classified into structural attribute-based and structural performance-based measures (deterministic and probabilistic). The definition of robustness is first described and distinguished from that of collapse resistance, vulnerability and redundancy. The review shows that deterministic measures predominate in quantifying structural robustness by comparing the structural responses of an intact and damaged structure. The attribute-based measures based on structural topology and stiffness are only applicable to elastic state of simple structural forms while the probabilistic measures receive growing interest by accounting for uncertainties in abnormal events, local failure, structural system and failure-induced consequences, which can be used for decision-making tools. There is still a lack of generalized quantifications of robustness, which should be derived based on the definition and design objectives and on the response of a structure to local damage as well as the associated consequences of collapse. Critical issues and recommendations for future design and research on quantification of robustness are provided from the views of column removal scenarios, types of structures, regularity of structural layouts, collapse modes, numerical methods, multiple hazards, degrees of robustness, partial damage of components, acceptable design criteria.

• Journal of Korea Spatial Information System Society
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• v.1 no.2 s.2
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• pp.137-149
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• 1999

Spatial database systems in client-server environment have network overload due to the large amount of spatial data transmission. Users use the window query that loads partial region of a whole map for quick response time in the environment. A series of window query such as screen movement, enlargement or shrinkage requires data in similar region and this increases network overload by re-transmitting the same data in intersected region with the earlier transmitted region. Removing the transmitted data from query results can solve this problem. In this paper, we design and implement a spatial object manager in order to remove the intersected region occurred by a series of window query. The spatial object manager manages the object identifiers of transmitted objects and removes transmitted objects from spatial objects of the query result by using the removal technique of the intersected region for the transmission and comparison. We utilize GEOMania Millennium server, an open client-server spatial database system, as spatial object manager in this paper. The result of the performance evaluation shows that the spatial object manager removes the transmission of the data redundancy, reduces network overload and improves the overall system performance.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 1992

From July 1988 through November 1991,26 patients with inoperable arteriovenous malformations were treated with 6 MV linear accelerator at the Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University Medical College. There were 5 females and 21 males with median age of 29 years (range: $6\~63$ years) and median follow up times of 15 months (range: $4\~40$ months). The arteriovenous malformation volumes treated ranged from 1 cm diameter to 3.5 cm rectangular size. The prescribed doses at the isocenter varied from 15 to 30 Gy and were given as a single fraction. To date, all patients performed follow-up not only clinically but also through CT or angiography based radiologic modalities every 6 month. A complete obliteration was achieved in 6 ($23\%$) and partial obliteration in 8 ($31\%$) and no change in 1 ($4\%$). We observed 14 ($54\%$) responsiveness of arteriovenous malformations after radiosurgery by 2 years afterward. Whereas, the decision of the remaining 11 ($42\%$) patients was considered too early to expect the therapeutic response following radiosurgery. No complications through treatment related were observed, yet. Our initial outcome in these first 26 patients with arteriovenous malformations is recommended further follow-up.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 1992

From January 1985 to September 1990, 7 patients with carcinoma of the extrahepatic biliary system received external radiaiton therapy combined with hyperthermia. Of the 3 patients with extrahepatic bile duct cancer, two were primary cholangiocarcinoma and one was metastatic peripancreatic carcinoma. Of the 4 patients with carcinoma of the gallbladder, two were locor-egionally advanced and unresectable carcinoma and the remaining two were local-regional recurrence after cholecystectomy. They were all pathologicallly proven adenocarcinoma. The radiation dose received ranged from 3000 cGy/2weeks to 5040 cGy/7 weeks. The hyperthermia was done once or twice a week and 4 to 12 sessions in total. The tumor response was confirmed by T-tube cholangiography, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and CT scan. 6 out of 7 ($86\%$) showed partial regression of the tumor. The median survival time was 7 months (range $4\~11$ months).6 out of 7 patients were dead: one died of septicemia, 4 of primary disease, one of distant metastases. Only one out of 7 patients is still alive but new metastatic lesion was found. There was not any treatment related deaths. There was also no evidence of treatment related problems with liver, stomach and duodenum, although the observation period was short.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.125-130
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• 1995

Observations on the seedling growth of red pepper responding to different temperature(10, 20, 3$0^{\circ}C$) and light intensity(5, 15, 25 klux) were made in the growth Chamber during 7 weeks. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Best results of the combinations of temperature and light intensity were obtained from the combinated treatment of 3$0^{\circ}C$ and 25klux. At all of the temperature levels in this experiment, the more the light intensity is high, the more the growth is favor, but at low temperature below 2$0^{\circ}C$ and low light intensity below 15 klux, the growth of red pepper seedlings was decreased markedly. 2. Multiple regression polynomial equations of the characteristics of red pepper seedlings grown in the different combinations of temperature and light intensity fitted well in the plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem dry weight and shoot dry weight. 3. Multiple regression polynomial equation to the shoot dry weight was partial differentiated and diagrammatized the response surface using its theoretical value. Light intensity affected more to the shoot dry weight in the temperature below 2$0^{\circ}C$ but above 2$0^{\circ}C$ the role of the temperature showed greatly influence however, interaction effects of light intensity and temperature showed strongly.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.509-512
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• 2012

A 4-year-old female Korean short hair cat weighing 6.5 kg presented for evaluation of urinary incontinence and stranguria. On physical examination, stranguria was observed concurrently with urinary bladder distention. Abdominal radiographs revealed two small uroliths in the urinary bladder. Urinary bladder sludge was detected on abdominal ultrasound. Urine analysis indicated hematuria and bacteriuria. The cat was treated with a 4-week course of a combination of antibiotics and urinary bladder irrigation using normal saline; however, response to treatment was minimal. Excretory urography was performed to identify a congenital disorder. A small diverticulum, located to the urinary bladder apex, was identified. A tentative diagnosis of a vesicourachal diverticulum was made. Surgical exploration of the abdomen was performed and a triangular-shaped diverticulum was apparent at the urinary bladder apex. Cystotomy was performed to remove two small uroliths. Partial cystectomy was then performed for diverticulectomy. Approximately 2 cm diameter of a part of the apex was removed. Normal urination was regained 5 days postoperatively. The follow-up was completed by physical examination 2 years after surgery. There was no evidence of stranguria and urinary incontinence.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.34 no.5_6
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• pp.249-256
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• 2007

GPS(generalized processor sharing) is a fair scheduling scheme that guarantees fair distribution of resources in an instantaneous manner, while virtual clock pursues fairness in the sense of long-term. In this paper, we notice that the degree of memorylessness is the key difference of the two schemes, and propose a unified scheduling model that covers the whole spectrum of history-sensitiveness. In this model, each application's resource right is represented in a value called deposit, which is accumulated at a predefined rate and is consumed for services. The unused deposit, representing non-usage history, gives the application more opportunity to be scheduled, hence relatively enhancing its response time. Decay of the deposit means partial erase of the history and, by adjusting the decaying rate, the degree of history-sensitiveness is controlled. In the spectrum, the memoryless end corresponds GPS and the other end with full history corresponds virtual clock. And there exists a tradeoff between average delay and long-term fairness. We examine the properties of the model by analysis and simulation.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.330-338
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• 2018

The proportional-integral-derivative(PID) controller has been widely used in the industry because of its robust performance and simple structure in a wide range of operating conditions. However, the AVR(Automatic Voltage Regulator) as a control system is not robust to variations of the power system parameters. Therefore, it is necessary to use PID controller to increase the stability and performance of the AVR system. In this paper, a novel design method for determining the optimal PID controller parameters of an AVR system using the particle swarm optimization(PSO) algorithm is presented. The proposed approach has superior features, including easy implementation, stable convergence characteristic and good computational efficiency. In order to assist estimating the performance of the proposed PSO-PID controller, a new performance criterion function is also defined. This evaluation function is intended to reflect when the maximum percentage overshoot, the settling time are given as design specifications. The ITAE evaluation function should impose a penalty if the design specifications are violated, so that the PSO algorithm satisfies the specifications when searching for the PID controller parameter. Finally, through the computer simulations, the proposed PSO-PID controller not only satisfies the given design specifications for the terminal voltage step response, but also shows better control performance than other similar recent studies.