• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.335-337
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• 1975

The auther observed the oral status of the 14 twins clinically, the obtainde results were as follow : 1. In each twins, the color of the teeth, the form of the uper central incisors, the periodontal conditions and the oral hygiene status were resemble each other. 2. In one twin, the dentition and the size of the palatine tonsil were different each other. 3. In two twins, the occlusion and the number of the dental caries were different each other. 4. In four twins, the eruptions of teeth were different each other.

• 대한기관식도과학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.174-181
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• 1999

The palatine tonsils(tonsils) and pharyngeal tonsils(adenoids) are situated at the entrance of the respiratory and alimentary tracts and represent the first site of contact with a variety of microorganisms and other antigens present in food and inhaled air. They are known as lymphoid organs carrying out the function of cellular and humoral immunity, and so they form a local protective barrier. And the expression of the vascular endothelial adhesion molecules is known to play an important role for the inflammatory reaction in tonsils and adenoids as well as in other inflammatory tissues, by binding with the receptors on the surface of leukocytes. But although several scientific hypotheses on the role of these lympoid tissues have been suggested, their complete functions have remained unknown. The purpose of this study is to present an basic data of the knowledge on the immunologic physiology of the tonsils and adenoids and their role as active immunologic organs that reinforce the mucosal immunity of the entire upper aerodigestive tract. We examined 16 human tonsils and adenoids and the expression of three endothelial adhesion molecules, vascular endothelial adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1), intracellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1), and E-selection, in tissue sections using immunohistochemistry. We used the inferior turbinate mucosa obtained from 9 patients getting septal surgery as a control group. The expressions of vascular endothelial adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were significantly higher in the tonsils and adenoids. But respectively, there were no significant differences between the tonsils and adenoids. The expression of E-selection was significant higher in the tonsils, but not in the adenoids. We observed that tonsils and adenoids showed significantly higher expressions of vascular endothelial adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1), intracellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1), and E-selection (in the case of E-selection, only in the tonsils). We propose that these adhesion molecules play an important role for the immunologic reaction by the transendothelial migration of lymphocytes and binding with the receptors on the surface of leukocytes.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.336-338
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• 2020

A 12-year-old female spayed miniature schnauzer with one month history of halitosis had a cylindrical protruding mass about 2 × 2 × 1 cm in size arising from the right palatine tonsil. Histopathologically, tonsillar mass was covered with stratified squamous epithelium and many lymphoid follicles with germinal center were existed in the upper area of submucosa. Numerous variable sized, occasionally cystic dilated vascular channels (thin walled lymphatic channels) lined by flattened, discontinous endothelial cells were widely distributed throughout the core of fibrovascular stroma. According to immunohistochemistry (IHC), lining endothelial cells in vascular channels showed strong immunoreactivities for CD31 and von Willebrand factor. Based on the gross, histopathologic, and IHC findings, the oral mass of dog was diagnosed as tonsillar lymphangiomatous polyp, the second case in a veterinary field.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.402-410
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• 2009

목적: 이 연구는 다양한 임상 적응증으로 시행된 전신 $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT 영상에서 구개편도의 비대칭적인 섭취 증가의 발견빈도와 악성여부를 조사하고, 악성병변을 시사하는 임상 및 PET/CT 영상소견들을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1년 동안 $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT를 시행한 2,901명(평균연령 $58.4{\pm}12.3$세, 연령범위 20~88세, 남성:여성=1,841:1,060)의 PET/CT영상에서 구개편도의 비대칭적 섭취증가 여부 및 형태를 육안적으로 분석하였다. 구개편도에 비대칭적인 섭취증가를 보이는 빈도와 악성률을 조사하였고 관련된 임상적 소견 및 PET/CT 영상에서 동반된 이상소견과의 연관성을 평가하였다. 결과: 2,901명 중 10.0%(291명)에서 구개편도에 비대칭적인 섭취증가를 보였으며 겨울에 가장 빈번하게 관찰되었다(12.1%). 임상 추적관찰 혹은 조직학적 검사를 통해 최종적으로 악성여부가 확인된 209명 중 2.4%(5명)가 악성병변으로 진단되었고 불규칙한 두개편도의 섭취증가나 경부림프절의 섭취증가 소견이 동반된 경우, 원발미상의 경부림프절전이 환자에서 PET/CT를 시행한 경우 악성률이 높았다. 결론: 전신 $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT에서 우연히 관찰되는 구개편도의 비대칭적인 섭취증가는 대부분이 양성으로 악성률은 낮았다. 그러나 원발미상의 경부림프절 전이환자나 PET/CT에서 구개편도의 섭취증가가 불규칙할 경우에는 악성의 가능성이 높기 때문에 적극적인 조직학적 검사가 필요하리라 생각된다.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.265-268
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• 1997

Malignant lymphoma is the tumor of immune system which is known as the most common nonepitheloid tumor of head and neck region. It is mainly found in the cervical, axillary and inguinal lymph node, but gastrointestinal tract, palatine tonsil, nasopharynx, oropharynx, nasal cavity and salivary glands may be involved. Primary lymphoma of the thyroid gland is an uncommon condition, comprising approximately 2% of all malignant lymphoma and 5% of all thyroid malignant neoplasms. Recently, we experienced a case of malignant lymphoma of the thyroid gland, which was histopathologically proven. So we report our findings in this patient with review of literatures.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.21-25
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• 2007

Background：Squamous cell carcinoma(SCC)of the palatine tonsils represents approximately 15-23% of all intraoral SCC. The most frequently reported risk factors for oropharyngeal cancer are smoking and alcohol. In a recent overview of HPV and tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma(TC), 51% contained HPV DNA, and HPV-16 being the most frequent type. We aimed to clarify whether HPV directly effects on the oncogenesis and biologic behavior of TC by comparison with infection prevalence, and physical status of virus. Material and Method：We used HPV genotyping DNA chip(Biocore, Korea, Seoul) arrayed by multiple oligonucleotide probes of L1 sequence of 26 types of HPV and HPV genotypes are identified by fluorescence scanner. The copy numbers of HPV E2 and E6 open reading frames(ORF) were assessed using a TaqMan-based 5'-exonuclease quantitative real-time PCR assay. The ratio of E2 to E6 copy numbers was calculated to determine the physical status of HPV-16 viral gene. Results：We observed a significant difference in HPV prevalence between 52 TCs and 69 CFTs(73.1% vs. 11.6%), and most of the HPVs were type 16(87.2%)and non-episomal(94.1%) state. Conclusions：This study regarding HPV infection prevalence and mechanism in the largest population of palatine tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma with chronic follicular tonsillitis revealed significant difference pf HPV prevalence between TC and CFT. Most of HPV were 16 type and integrated or mixed, HPV-16 integration could be directly related to tonsillar carcinogenesis.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 1986

As public awareness of the various warning signs of malignancy increases, so does the concern evoked by the self identified finding of mass in the head and neck area. Not all the palpable masses are always significantly abnormal, but any nontender mass especially to the adult is significant enough to warrent further full investigation and follow up, the object of which should be to determine the possibility of malignancy and urgency of treatment. Approach to the diagnosis of the neck mass is so important in that it affects decision regarding further evaluation would lead to the determination of the most efficacious mode of therapy, eventually to the good prognosis. So, it should be emphasized that approach to the diagnosis of neck mass should be planned, systematic and thorough, this begins with the taking careful history following performance of complete examination of the head and neck especially to the nasopharynx, tongue base, pyriform sinus, palatine tonsil and larynx. Then a number of laboratory and radiologic studies are available, following triple endoscopy under general anesthesia and blind biopsy if needed. The most important rule to keep is that any biopsy procedures should be delayed to the last modality of effort to the diagnosis and if it should be done, under the plan of radical neck dissection.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.71-79
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• 1984

During a 10 year periods, 42 patients with well-documented Midline Malignant Reticulosis were treated with local irradiation and followed for extended periods of time. 13 cases with systemic manifestation after irradiation illustrate the protean features of this disease. Although it commonly Presents in upper airway tracts such as nasal cavity and/or septum, soft palate and palatine tonsil, the lesion may be localized as well as diffuse. 2 cases among them showed systemic relapse on lung, pancreas and scrotum probably from either a multifocal or metastatic deposits. Another 3 eases were associated with systemic diseases such as stomach carcinoma, typhoid enteritis and CNI of fat tissue. Remained cases were diagnosed by clinical or radiological examination. Possibility of close relation to lymphoma with Midline Malignant Reticulosis are also suggested in 1 case. In Midline Malignant Reticulosis, the best results of treatment are obtained in localized lesion of the upper airway treated early with irradiation: A poorer outcome is associated with multifocal systemic involvement, which necessitates a systemic therapy.

• 대한기관식도과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기관식도과학회 1982년도 제16차 학술대회연제순서 및 초록
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• pp.16.2-16
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• 1982

인두의 임파조직중 해부학적, 기능적 구조상 가장 중요한 것이 구개편도로서 이는 소화기와 기도의 관문에 위치하고 있으며 외부로부터 끊임없이 세균을 비롯한 각종 항원의 자극을 받고 있는 장기로 알려져 있다. 이 편도의 기능에 대하여서는 종내 조혈기능설, 내분필기능설, 소화기능설, Vitamin 생성설, 세균침입구설등이 언급되어 왔으나 1860년 Virchow가 주로 방어기관으로서의 기능을 담당하고 있다는 소위 방어기능설을 제창한 이래, 다른 임파장기와 동일하게 면역방어에 관연할 것이라는 설이 가장 유력하게 대두되고 있다. 최근 면역학의 진보로 생체 내에는 흉농유내 임파구인 T 임파구에 의한 세포성 면역과 골구유내 임파구인B 임파구에 의한 액체성 면역의 양대 면역기구가 존재하여 각각의 고유한 면역반응이 수행됨을 알게 되었다. 저자는 상기한 편도의 면역방어기능설에 입각하여 편도의 면역학적 역할의 일면을 추궁해 보기위하여 1981년 5월에서 동년 10월까지 인제의과대학 부속 부산백병원 이비인후과에서 편도적출술을 시행받은 만성편도염 환자 30예와 건강대조군 29예를 선정하고, 만성편도염 환자의 술전과 술후에 각각 혈청 면역글로부린량과 말초혈야의 총 임파구 수 및 T 임파구, B 임파구, Null 임파구의 분포를 Single radial immuno-diffsion및 Higgy의 조직화학적 검사방법에 의해서 검색하고 이들을 건강대조군과 비교, 검토함으로서 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었기에 보고하는 바이다. 1) 혈청 IgM 양은 건강대조군보다 만성편도염 환자에서 의의있게 높았으나 만성편도염 환자의 술전과 술후 사이에는 의의있는 차이가 없었다. 2) 말초혈야 T 임파구의 분포는 대조군보다 만성편도염 환자의 술전과 술후 사이에는 의의있는 차가 없었다. 3) 말초혈청 B 임파구의 분포는 대조군보다 만성편도염 환자에서 의의있게 증가였으나 만성편도염 환자의 술전과 술후 사이에는 의의있는 차가 없었다. 증식이 있고 1개의 표본에서 연골피막내에 미숙연골 세포군이 존재. 6주-경도의 모세혈관의 확장과 만성염증반응이 존재하며 점막하층의 섬유조직화가 존재하였으며 2개의 표본에서 연골피막내에 연골 세포군 및 골화현상이 존재하였다. 8주-경미한 모세혈관의 확장이 존재하였으나 염증반응은 소실되었고 점막하층에 심한 섬유화를 동반하였다. 표본 2개에서 연골 피막내에 연골 세포군의 존재가 관찰되었다. 4 ) 이식방법을 달리한 경우에도 연골 및 점막의 재생에는 유의한 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 5) 연골피막 이식부위에서 미숙연골 세포군과 endo-chondrial ossification을 관찰할 수 있었으나 대조군에서는 결손부위의 섬유화만이 관찰되었다. 이상의 결과로 볼때 연골피막은 기관결손부위의 재진에 적합한 조직이라할 수 있었다. 그러나 40 례의 표본중 5례의 표본에서만 연골의 세포군을 관찰할 수 있어 이로 미루어 볼때 연골피막으로 부터 신생 연골이 재생된다 확인하기는 불충분하다고 생각되며 앞으로의 추시가 요망된다 하겠다.출액이 형성된 경우에는 도말표본을 통한 세포학적 분석과 세균배양을 하였으며 시기별로 중이강 점막의 수술현미경 및 광학현미경적 변화를 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었기에 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다. 1) 이관폐쇄술후 18시간에 최초로 삼출액이 확인되었으며 그 이후는 전실험군에서 삼출성중이염이 유발되다. 2) 도말표본의 세포학적 검사에서 호산구는 전혀 발견되지 않았으며 초기에는 호중구가 주종을 이루었으나 제14 일이후에는 단핵구가 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 3) 삼출액의 세균배양검사에서는 전예에서 세균이 배양되지 않았다. 4) 수술현미경적 소견은 이관폐쇄 후 제 14 일에 점막비후가 가장 심하였으며 삼출액의 양도 가장 많았다. 5) 중이강점막의 병리학적 소견에서는 상피세포, 배세포 및 혈관의 증식과 염증세포의 침윤이 관찰되었으며 특히 염증세포는 도말표본에서와 같이 제 14 일 이

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.273-279
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• 2016

Purpose: Although each Waldeyer's ring sub-site is considered an independent prognostic factor, few studies have assessed the prognosis and treatment of tonsillar lymphoma. Treatment outcomes were analyzed in patients with primary tonsillar lymphoma who were treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT). Materials and Methods: Nineteen patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma were evaluated, with a median follow-up of 53 months. Age, sex, and histology, amongst other factors, were reviewed. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were analyzed. Results: Most patients had Ann Arbor stage I-II (94.7%), IPI score of 0 (89.5%), and complete remission after chemotherapy (89.5%). The 5-year PFS and OS rates were 74.6% and 80%, respectively. In univariate analysis, the rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) regimen resulted in a better PFS than the cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) regimen (88.9% vs. 50.0%; p = 0.053). RT dose was related to the survival outcome (p = 0.010 for PFS, p = 0.044 for OS). Patients were classified into the CHOP + RT (>40 Gy) group and R-CHOP + RT (${\leq}40Gy$) group. The 5-year PFS rates were 50% in the CHOP + RT group, and 100 % in the R-CHOP + RT group (p = 0.018). The 5-year OS rates were 66.7% and 100%, respectively (p = 0.087). Conclusion: Primary tonsillar lymphoma patients typically have favorable outcomes. Chemotherapy (R-CHOP) combined with relatively lower dose consolidative RT may be safe and effective for primary tonsillar lymphoma.