• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.124-134
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• 2018

This study examined the dyeing characteristics and spectrum of cotton and silk by using dyeing solution extracted from aronia. The value $L^{\ast}$ which indicates the brightness of cotton regardless of mordant increases with increasing pH from pH 3.5 to pH 10.5. The color difference value(${\Delta}E$) of the cotton was generally high in pH 3.5 regardless of mordant existence. The silk showed the highest ${\Delta}E$ value in pH 3.5 dye solution as cotton did. On the other hand, the silk with mordant dyed showed the highest ${\Delta}E$ value in pH 7. Silk fabrics dyed with Aronia solution turns out red in pH 3.5, blue in pH 7 and yellow in pH 10.5. This is because of the amino acid, one of the silk ingredients, combines with a part of anthocyanin to show blue. As the result of the spectrum measurement, the maximum absorption wavelength of Aronia solution was increased in the order of pH 10.5, pH 3.5 and pH 7, regardless of extraction temperature and mordant. The measurement results of color fastness to washing and color fastness to light are generally low. Therefore, there is a need for further study to improve color fatness in the future.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.287-290
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• 2000

The pullulan production and morphological change of Aureobasidium pullulans ATCC 42023 were investigated in shake-flasks and in 2.5L batch fermentor. In shake-flasks, maximum pullulan production was obtained with $11.98g/{\ell}$ when initial pH was 6.5. The batch fermentation was performed in the medium with pH control ranged pH 2.5-7.5. The maximum pullulan production of $13.31g/{\ell}$ was obtained with pH 4.5. However, the cell growth was the highest at pH 6.5.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.153-158
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• 1973

This report was presented to explain the relationships between various soil pH based on the present land use, nodes of depositions, and pH measurement methods ($H_2O$ and KCl extract). The samples were collected from 160 soil series in Korea. The results were summarized as follows. 1. The average pH ($H_2O$) of surface soil were $5.3{\pm}0.6$ for paddy soils, $5.5{\pm}0.9$ for upland, $5.4{\pm}0.5$ for forest soils, $5.3{\pm}0.6$ for grassland and $5.4{\pm}0.7$ for country average. 2. The average pH (KCl) of surface soil were $4.2{\pm}0.6$ for representative soils. Paddy soils had $4.2{\pm}0.6$; upland $4.2{\pm}0.8$; forest soils, $4.0{\pm}0.6$; and grassland, $4.3{\pm}0.6$. 3. The soil pH in B and C horizons were generally higher than that of A horizons. 4. The soil pH in field were correlated with lab. soil pH ($H_2O$) and pH (KCl). Field soil pH measured by pH kit could be highly accepted in accuracy compared with lab. pH of upland, grassland, forest and paddy soils. 5. Soil pH ($H_2O$) of surface based on mode of depositions was generally higher in residuum of mountainous and hilly land than those of Fluvio-marine deposits and old alluvium, however soil pH (KCl) was higher in fiuvio-marine deposits than those of mountainous and hilly land. It was shown that soil pH (KCl) was more reasonable than that of soil pH ($H_2O$) in practical use.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.313-321
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• 1997

The antibiotic residues of the urine, the liver, the lung, the kidney and the spleen in slaughtered pigs at Kyongbuk province were detected by TLC(505 kit) and EEC-4 plate method. 1. The positive rate of residual sulfamethazine which was detected by 505 kit in the urine (n=200) was 0.0%. 2. The positive rate of residual sulfamethazine which was detected by EEC-4 plate in the urine (n=126), the liver(n=98), the kidney(n=72), the spleen (n=68) and the lung(n=48) were 63%, 49%, 36%, 34% and 24%, respectively. 3. By EEC-4 plate method, the positive detection rates of the urine were 53.0% in BS(pH 6.0), 29.0% in BS(pH 7.2), 11.5% in BS(pH 8.0) and 13.0% in ML(pH 8.0) medium, that of the liver 41.5% in BS(pH 6.0), 22.0% in BS(pH 7.2), 6.5% in BS(pH 8.0) and 5.0%, in ML (pH 8.0) medium, that of the lung 21.0% in BS(pH 6.0), 9.5%, in BS(pH 7.2) and 8.5% in BS(pH 8.0) medium, and that of the kidney 31.5% in BS(pH 6.0), 14.5% in BS(pH 7.2), 20.0% in BS(pH 8.0) and 3.0% in ML(pH 8.0) medium. In the spleen, only in BS(pH 6.0) medium the positive rate was detected as 33.5 %. 4. The positive rates of samples which shown TLC-positive detected by EEC-4 plate method were 53.9% in no band, 77.8% in one band, 80.9% in two bands, 66.7% in three bands, respectively. In conclusion, the EEC-4 plate method could be applied for the detection of residual antibiotics in samples which shown as out of standard Rf values by TLC-method (SOS kit).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.455-460
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• 1991

In order to identify hard distinct 12 fish species(shiba shrimp Metapenaeus joyneri, fleshy shrimp Penaeus orientalis, ridgetail prawn Palaemon carinicauda, yellow croaker Pseudosciaena manchurica, croaker Niber albiflora, Colichthyes fragilis, brown sole Limanda herzensteini, frog flounder Pleuronichthys cornutrs, Areliscus rhomaleus, stone flounder Kareius bicoloratus, harvest fish Pampus argenteus, flag fish Goniistius zonatus) by seeing with naked eye in Kunsan coastal area, sarcoplasmic protein in the supernatant was used for isoelectric focusing. For getting supernatant, fish muscle tissue was blended with two times deionized water and centrifuged (at $4^{\circ}C$, 12,000rpm for 15min). Isoelectric focusing of sarcoploasmic protein carried out on a LKB Multiphor II using polyacrylamide gel plate (2mm thickness, pH $3.5~10^{\circ}C$, pH 5~8 gradient, at $10^{\circ}C$ for 1.5, 3 hours). In case of uncertain protein pattern, pH gradient was modified to narrow pH gradiet, and excuted 2-D electrophoresis using conventional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Most of fishes except yellow croaker and Collichthyes fragilis were distingushed by isoelectric focusing. The protein maps of 2-D electrophoresis for analyzing two protein bands at aimilar positions(pH 5, 6) between the two fish species showed the diffeences of the estimated molecular weights, 11,700(pH5.0) and 87,000(pH6.0)

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 1986

The luminescence spectra of $Ru(bpy)_3^{2+}$ in poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) solutions varied sensitively with pH. At pH < 5.5, the emission intensity increased with pH up to 4 times, while it decreased with pH beyond the pH. The enhanced emission intensity was accompanied by blue-shift of the emission maxima as much as 15 nm. The enhancement of emission intensity was attributed to the restricted rotational mobility of ligand of the cation bound to densely coiled PMA molecules at pH < 5.5. The sharp decrease in emission intensity with increasing pH near pH 5.6 was accounted for conformational transition of the polymer to more extended structure, which was also revealed in viscosity measurement. The enhancement of emission intensity became higher as NaCl concentration of the solution increased. The binding constant of $Ru(bpy)_3^{2+}$ with two carboxylate groups of PMA was calculated as $2{\times}10^5\;M^{-1}$ in 0.1 M NaCl at pH 5.2. The pH dependence of luminescence quenching rate of $Ru(bpy)_3^{2+}$ by $Cu^{++}$ also showed maximum near pH 5, and the rate was more than $10^3$ times higher than that in water, whereas the maximum enhancement of quenching rate (about 20 times) in poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) solution occurred at pH 4.5. On the other hand, the pH dependence for neutral water soluble nitrobenzene (NB) exhibited opposite trend to that of $Cu^{++}$. The quenching constant vs pH curve for $MV^{++}$ was composite of those for $Cu^{++}$ and NB. The anomalous high quenching rate for $Cu^{++}$ in PMA solution at pH < 5.5 was attributed to the binding of $Ru(bpy)_3^{2+}$ and $Cu^{++}$ to the same region of PMA, when it conforms densely coiled structure in the pH range. The observation of mininium quenching rate for NB near pH 5.5 indicated that the $Ru(bpy)_3^{2+}$ bound to the densely coiled PMA is not accessible by NB, which is in bulk water phase. The composite nature of the pH dependence of quenching rate for $MV^{++}$ in PMA solution was attributed to the smaller binding affinity of the cation to PMA, compared to that of $Cu^{++}$. The sharp, cooperative conformational transition with pH observed in PMA was not revealed in PAA. But, the pH dependence of quenching rates in this polymer reflected increased charge density and, thus, binding of cations to the polymer, and expansion of the polymer chain with pH.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.136-140
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• 2001

Effects of incubation temperature and pH on chlamydospore germination of Cylindrocarpon destrcutans (isolate CY-9802) causing root rot of Panax ginseng were studied. Germination rate of the chlamydospores on Czapek solution agar(CSA) was higher than on potato dextrose agar(PDA) at the incubation temperatures tested. The chlamydospores were able to be germinated at range of 5$\^{C}$ to 30$\^{C}$ after 48 hours incubation on CSA. Germination rate was 53.2∼6.27% at range of 15$\^{C}$ to 25$\^{C}$, and the optimum temperature was 20$\^{C}$, whereas they were very low at 30$\^{C}$ on PDA. Germination rate was 43.6% to 47.9% at range of 10$\^{C}$ to 20$\^{C}$, and the optimum temperature was 20$\^{C}$ as well. They were able to be germinated at pH of 5.2 to 8.1 on CSA and 5.2 to 7.2 on PDA. Optimum pHs for the germination on CSA and PDA were from 6.4 to 8.2 and from 5.2 to 6.0, respectively. Mycelial color of the fungus on CSA was pale brown at pH from 5.2 to 6.0 and white from pH 6.4 to 8.1, while it was typical dark brown ar range of pH 5.2 to 7.1 and brown at pH 7.2 on PDA after 21 days incubation.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.10 no.1_2
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• pp.36-40
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• 1967

1. The effect of the pH value on P32 absorption of leaves of three forest trees under the water culture is investigated. 2. The degree of the P32 absorption to the pH value is quite different in each forest tree. 3. The phosphorus contents are proved higher in the leaves of Quercus accutissima(the saw shaped oak) than in the leaves of Pinus densiflora(the red pine) and Lespedeza bicolar (bush clover). 4. Larger contents of phosphorus are found in acidity plots than in alkalinity. The leaves of treated plot of the pH 4 (red pine), of the pH 5.0 (bush clover), and of the pH 5.0-6.5 (saw shaped oak) have a higher nutrient capital as indicated by P32 compared with that of the other pH values. 5. It is also noticed that P32 absorption capacity is decreased with the higher pH values. 6. The content of P of leaves shows the lowest value in the plot of the pH 6.5 (pine), of the pH 7.5(bush clover), and of the pH 9.0(saw shaped oak). It is also noticed that the red pine is to do very well in acid cultivation and then follow bush clover and saw shaped oak in the order.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.189-194
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• 2004

Amylase isozyme based three multivoltine viz., N+p, Np, N+ $p^{cho}$ and two bivoltine-D6+p, D6p syngenic lines (Syn. L) were developed from germplasm (GP) stocks Nistari (N) and D6 respectively. haemolymph isozyme pattern at pH 7.0 and 8.5 depicted a total 11 number (Am $y_{1 to 6}$ at pH 7.0 and Am $y^{l to 5}$ at pH 8.5) of native proteins (NP) of various sizes are amylase isozyme expressers. Among eleven NPs, two NPs of 770 kDa (Am $y^{6}$ at pH 7.0) and 376 kDa (Am $y^3$ at pH 8.5) are $\alpha$-amylase expressers and remaining NPs of 370, 364, 350, 329 and 274 kDa at pH 7.0 and 206, 292, 416, 725 kDa at pH 8.5 are $\beta$-amylase expressers. Accordingly, digestive juice amylase isozyme pattern at aforesaid pH also depicted a total number of 10 NPs (Am $y^{1 to 5}$) at each pH 7.0 and 8.5 are amylase expressers of which NP of 387 kDa (Am $y^4$ at pH 7.0) and 780 kDa (Am $y^{5}$ at pH 8.5) are a-amylase expresser. Remaining NPs of 338,297 ＆ 216 kDa at pH 7.0 and 370, 341, 329 ＆302 kDa at pH 8.5 are $\beta$-amylase expresser. Recurrent backcross lines (RBL) viz., N+pRBL and NpRBL were developed through introgression of high shell weight character (a multigenic trait) to be used further for congenic line (Con. L) development and to understand any association with introgressed character. Isozyme pattern in haemolymph of RBLs depicted only one $\alpha$-amylase of 770 kDa at pH 7.0 and 376 kDa at pH 8.0 with three and four respective $\beta$-amylase bands but in bivoltine lines numbers of $\beta$-amylase bands vary between 1 to 2 at aforesaid pH. Variability was also observed in digestive juice of multivolitine and its RBLs but bivoltine lines express null activity at both pH except appearance of one very week $\alpha$-amylase band D6+p at pH 8.5. Overall study suggests that not a single NP at both pH is common for expression of any band of amylase isozyme i.e., a totally different set of proteins are the amylase isozyme expresser at specific pH and no molecular factor of amylase is associated in developed RBLs which showed improvement on survival, single cocoon shell weight (SCSW) and single filament length over receptor parents.s.s.s.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.179-187
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• 1983

The pH of containment spray and sump water following a LOCA for KNU 5'||'&'||'6 and KNU 1 was calculated to see if pH design criteria of containment spray system established by USNRC were met. The pH calculations have been made for the two cases; maximum pH and minimum pH. For KNU 5'||'&'||'6, results showed that long term sump pH values calculated for the maximum pH and minimum pH case well met the pH requirement of at least 8.5 and spray pH for the maximum case slightly exceeded the range of design criteria (8.5 to 11.0). For KNU 1, pH requirement of long term sump pH was also met, however, spray pH value for the maximum pH case was very largely greater than that of current pH requirement. (No pH requirement of containment spray water has been established at the time of designing KNU 1) In order to find the design parameters of containment spray system which are expected to meet the spray pH requirement, several calculations were wade, by changing the input parameters to "LCCAPH". Finally, it was shown that the boric acid concentration in RWST (refueling water storage tank), which was the primary sources of containment spray water during injection mode, be maintained the range of 2750 ppm to 2850 ppm, or tile flow rate of NaOH added to spray water he kept between 10 gpm to 24 gpm.