• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.555-564
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to assess the impacts of cellulose/chitosan addition in combination with sodium substitution, including KCl and $MgCl_2$, on the quality and sensory properties of sausages. Sausages (control, 100% NaCl; T1, 60% NaCl, and 40% KCl; T2, 50% NaCl, 40% KCl, and 10% $MgCl_2$) were formulated with cellulose/chitosan at concentrations of 3% and compared to control. T1 and T2 decreased the pH values (p<0.05), while the use of cellulose increased these values. Biopolymer addition reduced lipid oxidation (p<0.05). In sausages containing cellulose, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) in T1 was lower than that in T2 (p<0.05). The use of cellulose increased L*-, a*-, and W color values in T1 (p<0.05). Furthermore, cellulose addition was associated with lower hardness (p<0.05). Cellulose addition contributed to better overall acceptability (p<0.05). Consequently, a combined mixture containing T1 and cellulose appears to be the best combination, indicating a possible synergistic effect.

• BMB Reports
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.492-496
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• 1999

We have investigated the biochemical properties of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) DNA polymerase without the UL42 protein (Pol), purified from insect cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus containing the UL30 gene. BSA and DTT have inhibitory effects on dAMP incorporation. Pol showed a greater turnover rate of steady-state single nucleotide incorporation at 12 mM $MgCl_2$ than at 2 mM $MgCl_2$. However, it showed a greater processivity of DNA synthesis at lower $MgCl_2$ concentration (1 mM, 2 mM) than at a higher $MgCl_2$ concentration (12.5 mM). These results are consistent with a slow DNA dissociation at lower $MgCl_2$ concentrations. Pol does not incorporate a correct nucleotide into the primer with an incorrect nucleotide at the end; instead, it preferentially excises the incorrect nucleotide at the 3' end of the primer. Pol has DNA polymerase activity at pHs 6.5 and 7.5 but little at pHs 5.5, 8.5, and 9.5. It has exonuclease activity at pHs 6.5, 7.5, and 8.5 but little at pHs 4.5, 5.5, and 9.5. The finding that Pol has exonuclease activity but not DNA polymerase at pH 8.5 suggests that DNA binds to Pol, but deoxynucleotide binding or incorporation does not occur at pH 8.5.

• BMB Reports
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.196-200
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• 2003

Previously, we reported the biochemical properties of RGA1 that is expressed in Escherichia coli (Seo et al., 1997). The activities of RGA1 that hydrolyzes and binds guanine nucleotide were dependent on the $MgCl_2$ concentration. The steady state rate constant ($k_{cat}$) for GTP hydrolysis of RGA1 at 2 mM $MgCl_2$ was $0.0075{\pm}0.0001\;min^{-1}$. Here, we examined the effects of pH and cations on the GTPase activity. The optimum pH at 2 mM $MgCl_2$ was approximately 6.0; whereas, the pH at 2 mM $NH_4Cl$ was approximately 4.0. The result from the cation dependence on the GTPase (guanosine 5'-triphosphatase) activity of RGA1 under the same condition showed that the GTP hydrolysis rate ($k_{cat}=0.0353\;min^{-1}$) under the condition of 2mM $NH_4Cl$ at pH 4.0 was the highest. It corresponded to about 3.24-fold of the $k_{cat}$ value of $0.0109\;min^{-1}$ in the presence of 2 mM $MgCl_2$ at pH 6.0.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.81-89
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate changes in physicochemical and sensory properties of cooked sausages replaced sodium chloride (NaCl) to potassium chloride (KCl) or magnesium chloride ($MgCl_2$) during storage for 30 days under $4^{\circ}C$. All sausages were prepared with different combination of salts as follow; CTL (1.5% NaCl), KCL (0.9% NaCl+0.6% KCl), MCL (0.9% NaCl+0.6% $MgCl_2$), KML (0.9% NaCl+0.3% KCl+0.3% $MgCl_2$) and PST (1.5% PanSalt). Among sausages moisture content in KML was the highest (p<0.05). Lightness and redness in CTL were lower than those of other treatments, but MCL and KML containing $MgCl_2$ showed higher CIE $L^*$ and $a^*$ values than CTL. The pH in CTL was the highest during storage, however, no significant difference was determined between two treatments, MCL and KML (p>0.05). Crude fat content and water holding capacity (WHC), hardness and cohesiveness of MCL sausages were higher than those of CTL. In sensory characteristics of cooked sausages, saltness in MCL was the lowest during 10 and 20 days of storage (p<0.05). Yellowness in PST was lower than other treatmeants. Gumminess and chewiness of texture property of sausages from MCL and KML were higher than CTL. The results indicate that the replacement of NaCl by KCl improved texture, but meat color was not improved as expected. In contrast, the replacement of NaCl by $MgCl_2$ enhanced color, texture and WHC, whereas partial replacement of NaCl by $MgCl_2$ must reduce bitter taste as compared to sausages manufactured with a NaCl only. Therefore, $MgCl_2$ may be a salt replacing NaCl in cooked pork sausages.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.281-291
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• 2010

We investigated the antioxidant effects of hederagenin 3-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl($1{\rightarrow}3$)-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl($1{\rightarrow}2$)-a-L-arabinopyranoside (HDL) isolated from root bark of Ulmus davidiana on the activity of enzymes related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human osteosarcoma U2OS cells. Cobalt chloride ($CoCl_2$), a transition metal, was used as an inducer of oxidative stress, generating hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) via increasing xanthine oxidase (XO) activity. The increased levels of $H_2O_2$, XO, ferritin, and ferritin iron by $CoCl_2$ were diminished effectively by co-treatment with HDL in U2OS cells. Furthermore, decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) by $CoCl_2$ were highly increased by co-treatment with HDL in U2OS cells; however, the levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) did not change. The increased contents of TBARS related to lipid peroxidation were significantly reduced by HDL in U2OS cells. The concentration of GSH changed in a pattern that went against regulated TBARS by $CoCl_2$ and HDL. We examined the expression of p53, $p21^{CIP1/WAF1}$, and $p27^{KIP1}$ proteins related to oxidative stress and cell cycle regulation. As a result, the expression of $p27^{KIP1}$ modulated by $CoCl_2$ was not changed by HDL. However, the expression of p53 and $p21^{CIP1/WAF}$ increased by $CoCl_2$ was reduced by HDL in U2OS cells. Together with alteration of p53 and $p21^{CIP1/WAF1}$ proteins, the accumulated cells at G1 phase by $CoCl_2$ was decreased by HDL in U2OS cells. Our data suggests that HDL inhibits $CoCl_2$-generated ROS in U2OS cells, providing potentially new antioxidant compounds that are isolated from natural products.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1666-1673
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• 2020

Objective: To determine the effect of three salting treatments (control, 100% NaCl; T1, 60% NaCl and 40% KCl; T2, 50% NaCl, 40% KCl, and 10% MgCl₂) on meat quality of sausages during storage. Methods: Various types of curing salts were used for processing of salamis. Physico-chemical and sensory evaluation of the sausages were analyzed during 4 weeks of ripening. Results: The pH values and salinity contents were the highest in control, while they were the lowest in T2 at 4 weeks (p<0.05). Control and T1 had less thiobarbituric acid reactive substances than T2 at 2 weeks (p<0.05). The volatile basic nitrogen levels in T1 were similar to control and lower than T2 at 2 and 4 weeks (p<0.05). Moreover, T1 samples were redder and had a higher saturation index (C^⋆) value when compared to the others. T2 showed greater hardness, gumminess and chewiness when compared with the control (p<0.05). Control was comparable to T1 for sensory attributes. Conclusion: Sodium chloride may be partially substituted with potassium chloride without negatively influencing meat quality of sausages up to 4 weeks of storage. These results could help to develop low-sodium sausages.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.207-214
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• 1987

Rates of solvblysis of benzyl chloride in ethanol-water mixtures have been measured at 30 and $40^{\circ}C$ under various pressures up 1.6 kbar. The plots of 1n k as a function of pressure are fitted to a second order function in p, and values of ${\Delta}V^{\neq}$and ${\Delta}{\beta}^{\neq}$ are obtained from the results. Also the values of various pseudo thermodynamic quantities were evaluated from the rate constants. The relationships of the 1n k to $Q_w$ or 1n $C_w$ indicate that the reaction proceeds through $S_N1$ mechanism. A comparison between the present and the previous results gives that the increasing order of ${\mid}{{\Delta}V_0}^{\neq}{\mid}$ and n-values are $p-Cl>p-H>p-CH_3$ and $p-CH_3>p-H.p-Cl$, respectively. From these results, it is believed substituent such as the $p-CH_3$group favors the $S_N1(1)$ character, while the p-Cl group leads to the $S_N1(2)$ character.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.233-237
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• 2008

The objective of this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of poultry litter amendments on pH and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in poultry litter. Two laboratory studies were conducted for 42 d in Exp. 1 and for 10 d in Exp. 2, respectively. The poultry litter was treated with various amendments which included 4 g fly ash and 4 g $AlCl_3\;(AlCl_36H_2O)/100g$ litter in Exp. 1 and 4 g alum$(Al_2(SO_4){_3}\;14H_2O)$, 8 g alum, 8.66 g liquid alum, and 17.3 g liquid alum/100 g litter in Exp. 2; untreated litter served as controls. There were no differences in pH between control and T1(4 g fly ash) and SRP contents between T1(4 g fly ash) and T2(4 g $AlCl_3$) in Exp. 1. A significant difference in pH and SRP contents in Exp. 2 was observed among all treatments(P< 0.05). In experiment 1, T1(4 g fly ash) and T2(4 g $AlCl_3$) at 42 d decreased SRP in litter by 47.1% and 62.6% of that from litter alone, respectively. In experiment 2, T1(4 g alum), T2(8.66 g liquid alum), T3(8 g alum), and T4(17.3 g liquid alum) treatments at 10 days reduced SRP contents by up to 36.2%, 62.9%, 87.0%, and 83.9%, respectively, when compared with the controls. Decrease in SRP contents was chiefly associated with reduction in litter pH. These results indicate that use of various litter amendments to limit P solubility has potential and should be pursued as a means of reducing soluble reative phosphorus during short term.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.445-453
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• 2020

Background and objective: Calcium chloride (CaCl₂) and sodium chloride (NaCl) are commonly used as a deicing agent in South Korea and penetrate the soil on the roadside, causing damage to plants. This study was conducted to investigate the salinity reduction effect of Pennisetum alopecuroides and the chemical characteristics of soil leachate. Methods: The plants were treated with five different concentrations of CaCl₂ (0, 1, 2, 5, and 10g·L^-1) and were grouped into the Cont., C1, C2, C5, and C10 groups. CaCl₂ of 200 m·L^-1 was sprayed to each plant once every two weeks. The growth of P. alopecuroides (plant height, leaf length, leaf width and the number of leaves) was measured. The level of EC and pH, and exchangeable cations (K⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, and Mg²⁺) in the leachate of soil was monitored. Results: The pH of soil leachate decreased as the CaCl₂ concentration increased, and the EC increased significantly. The content of K⁺ did not change significantly until the concentration of CaCl₂ reached 5 g·L^-1, but the content of Ca²⁺, Na⁺, and Mg²⁺ significantly increased. The plant height, leaf length, and leaf width of P. alopecuroides showed the highest value in CaCl₂ 1 g·L^-1 followed by CaCl₂ 2 g·L^-1 and the control group. Root fresh weight was the highest in CaCl₂ 2 g·L^-1. On the other hand, there was no change in the shoot fresh weight, dry weight and root dry weight, and P. alopecuroides growth inhibition at the concentration of 5 g·L^-1 or higher in the plant height and leaf length. Conclusion: P. alopecuroides is relatively highly salt-tolerant and can improve the salt damaged soil by lowering the content of the salt-based exchangeable K⁺ ions.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.487-495
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• 2010

A microorganism hydrolyzing carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was isolated from seawater, identified as Psychrobacter aquimaris by analysis of 16S rDNA sequences, and named P. aquimari LBH-10. This strain produced an acidic carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase), which hydrolyzed carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), cellobiose, curdlan, filter paper, p-nitrophenyl-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG), pullulan, and xylan, but there was no detectable activity on avicel and cellulose. The optimal temperature for CMCase produced by P. aquimari LBH-10 was $50^{\circ}C$ and more than 90% of its original activity was maintained at broad temperatures ranging from 20 to $50^{\circ}C$ after 24 hr. The optimal pH of the CMCase was 3.5, and more than 70% of its original activity was maintained under acidic conditions between pH 2.5 and 7.0 at $50^{\circ}C$ after 24 hr. The optimal pH of CMCase produced by P. aquimaris LBH-10 seems to be lower than those produced by any other bacterial and fungal strain. $CoCl_2$, EDTA, and $PbCl_2$ at a concentration of 0.1 M enhanced CMCase-produced P. aquimaris LBH-10, whereas $HgCl_2$, KCl, $MnCl_2$, $NiCl_2$, and $SrCl_2$ inhibited it.