• BMB Reports
• /
• v.48 no.2
• /
• pp.81-90
• /
• 2015

p73 is a structural and functional homologue of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. Like p53, p73 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest and transactivates p53-responsive genes, conferring its tumor suppressive activity. In addition, p73 has unique roles in neuronal development and differentiation. The importance of p73-induced apoptosis lies in its capability to substitute the pro-apoptotic activity of p53 in various human cancer cells in which p53 is mutated or inactive. Despite the great importance of p73-induced apoptosis in cancer therapy, little is known about the molecular basis of p73-induced apoptosis. In this review, we discuss the p73 structures reported to date, detailed structural comparisons between p73 and p53, and current understanding of the transcription-dependent and -independent mechanisms of p73-induced apoptosis.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.357-369
• /
• 1992

Actions for 48-hour homolgous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (48-hr PCA) and chemical mediators were investigated in mice and rats. The hyaluronidase activity, which was used in the in vitro screening test of the antiallergic action, was significantly inhibited by Magnoiliae Flos, Achyranthis Radix, Forsythiae Fructus, Alpiniae Fructus, Anemarrhenae Rhizoma and Ponciri Fructus among twelve medicinal plants and tranilast as a comparative drug of the antiallergic action. In the mouse ear, 48-hr PCA was significantly inhibited by intraperitoneal (i.p.) pretreatment with Magnoliae Flos, Achyranthis Radix, Alpiniae Fructus, Anemarrhenae Rhizoma, Ponciri Fructus, Ledebouriellae Radix and tranilast. And also, the increment of vascular permeability induced by histamine or serotoin was inhibited significantly by i.p. pretreatment with Magnoliae Flos, Achyranthis Radix, Alpiniae Fructus, Anemarrheuae rhizoma, Zizyphi Fructus and tranilast. In the rat dorsal skin, the increment of vascular permeability induced by histamine or serotonin was significantly inhibited by i.p. pretreatment with Magnoliae Flos, Acyranthis Radix, Alpiniae Fructus, Anemarrhenae Rhizoma and tranilast. And also, the increment of vascular permeability induced by compound 48/80 or calcium ionophore A 23187 was significantly inhibited by i.p. pretreatment with Magnoliae Flos, Achyranthis Radix, Alpiniae Fructus, Amemarrhenae Rhizoma, Zizyphi Fructus, Ledebouriellae Radix, Lithospermi Radix and tranilast. These results suggest that each water extracts of Magnoliae Flos, Achyranthis Radix, Alpiniae Fructus and Anemarrhenae Rhizoma have especially antiallergic activities.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.190-194
• /
• 2007

Purpose: Individual cancer patients often experience many symptoms that impair their quality of life at the end of life. Identifying symptoms at the terminal stage of cancer patients and possible imminent death prediction by using that assessment can assist physicians and patients in preparing the 'peaceful death'. This study examines symptom experience during the last 48 hours of life of terminal cancer patients, and determines whether symptom experience change with proximal to death. Methods: The medical records of 89 patients who died with terminal cancer at a hospital between July 1, 2003 and March 31, 2006 were reviewed. Symptom prevalence at the last 48 hours was analyzed along with the change of symptom experience at the admission, $48{\sim}24$ hours, and $24{\sim}0$ hours before death. Results: Median age of all patients was 62 years old (range $16{\sim}97$). During the last 48 hours, symptom prevalence was described as follows; unclear consciousness (57%), pain (30%), fever (22%), and dyspnea (19%). According to the primary site, unclear consciousness was notified the most frequent symptom, but fever was relatively high prevalence in patients of biliary origin cancer rather than other site cancer (P=0.012). As death was Impending, the prevalence of poor appetite and general weakness were decreased, while that of unclear consciousness was increased, which were all statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The presence of unclear consciousness could be regarded as the symptom indicator as imminent death of terminal canter patients.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.15-25
• /
• 2004

In order to determine the effect of fermentation by the mycelia of fungal species, Formitella fraxinea and Sarcodon aspratus, on the in vitro dry matter digestibility and pH of mixtures with sawdust plus 20% wheat bran w/w, on dry matter basis to use as a feedstuff or an additive including fungal mycelium into a feedstuff. The mixtures were unfermented (UF) and fermented by Formitella fraxinea(FF) and Sarcodon aspratus(SA) for two weeks at $29^{\circ}C$ in a incubator. Fungal fermentation products were added to the basal diet to the level of 0, 1, 3 and 5%, w/w of diets each. The in vitro dry matter digestibilities, soluble sugar contents and pH of fermentation fluids were measured at 24, 48 and 72hr after fermentation begin. Neutral detergent fiber(NDF) contents in mixtures were lower for SA and UF(80.4 and 82.2%) than for FF(88.3%) (P<0.05). In vitro DM digestibility for 48h was higer for SA(21.2%) than for UF and FF(17.9 and 12.2%). The in vitro dry matter digestibility for 24hr was higher for diets added with FF 1% as 49.18%, and lower for diet added with FF 5%(43.07%) than basal diet(44.98%)(P<0.05), and tended to be higher for the diets added with fungal products. The pH of in vitro fermentation fluids for 24 and 48 hrs fermentation were lower for diets added with all FF and SA than for UF(P<0.05). However, those for 72 hrs fermentation were higher for SA 1%(6.74) than other diets(P<0.05). The soluble sugar concentration of in vitro fermentation fluid was not different between diets for 24 hr fermentation. However, those were higher for all additive diets than basal diet for 48 and 72 hrs fermentation(P<0.05). It could be concluded that dairy cow's diets added with fungal fermentation products have positive effects, and expected it will be more beneficial if more fungal mycelium was contained.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.347-356
• /
• 1992

In oriental medicine, Artemisia Iwayomogi(Compositae) has been used clinically for jaundice, hepatitis, liver cirrhosis etc. The purposes of present study were to examine pharmacological effects of Artemisia lwayomogi water extract(AIWE) on weights of body, liver, kidney, spleen and adrenal, and on biochemical parameters (activities of AST, ALT and LDH, contents of cholesterol and triacylglycerol, and levels of hepatic lipid peroxide) against hepatic injury by carbon tetrachloride($CCl_4$) in rats. The results were as follow; 1. Body weights were reduced by $CCl_4$. In AIWE pretreatment groups, reduction of body weights was inhibited at 48 hours. Increased liver weights by $CCl_4$ were reduced in proportion to numbers of treatment of AIWE in AIWE pre- and posttreatment groups. Increased kidney weights by $CCl_4$ were reduced in AIWE pretreatment groups at 72 hours. Increased weights of spleen and adrenal by $CCl_4$ were not affected by AIWE treament. 2. Increased AST activities by $CCl_4$ were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in AIWE posttreatment groups at 48 and 72 hours. Increased ALT activities by $CCl_4$ were significantly(p<0.05) decreased in AIWE posttreatment groups at 48 hours. Increased LDH activities by $CCl_4$ were very significantly (p<0.01, p<0.001) decreased in AIWE posttreatment groups at 48 and 72 hours, respectively. 3. Increased cholesterol contents by $CCl_4$ were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in AIWE posttreatment groups at 24 and 48 hours. Decreased triacylglycerol contents by $CCl_4$ were significantly (p<0.05) increased in AIWE posttreatment at 48 and 72 hours. 4. Increased hepatic lipid peroxide levels by $CCl_4$ were significantly (p<0.05, p<0.01) decreased in AIWE posttreatment groups at 48 and 72 hours, respectively. In conclusion, AIWE did not affect normal liver function and had property of antioxidant, due to reduced lipid peroxidation by $CCl_4$. AIWE seems to have hepatoprotective effects rather than direct preventive effects to $CCl_4$-induced necrotic degeneration of liver cell, cholestasis and damages in metabolism of lipid.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.227-233
• /
• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of various addition and exclusion time of glucose (Control: no addition, A: 24～72 h, B: 24～48 h, C: 48～72 h, D: 0～72 h, E: 0～48 h, F: 0～24 h and 48～72 h, G: 0～24 h) on embryonic developmental capacity of 2-cell embryos in mice. Developed blastocysts were assessed for mean cell number by differential staining. The zona-intact blastocyst (ZiB) rates were higher (p<0.05) in group B than control. However, the zona-escape blastocyst (ZeB) rates were not significantly different in all groups. At 72 h, total blastocyst (ZiB + ZeB) formation rates were not significantly different in all groups. The mean cell number was not significantly different among all groups. The inner cell mass (ICM) cell number was higher (p<0.05) in group F than control, group A, B and G. The trophectoderm (TE) cell number was higher (p<0.05) in control than group A and D. The %ICM was higher (p<0.05) in group C, D and F than control. The ICM : TE ratio was not significantly different in all groups. Between control and glucose group, no significant difference was observed in the total blastocysts (ZiB + ZeB) formation rates. Also, no significant difference was observed in the mean cell number, ICM cell number and ICM : TE ratio. However the TE cell number was higher (p<0.05) in control than glucose group and %ICM was higher (p<0.05) in glucose group than control. In conclusion, glucose added in culture medium was not inhibitory on blastocyst formation but glucose added for 48 ～72 h in culture medium increases %ICM of blastocysts in mice.

• 모자간호학회지
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.49-63
• /
• 1993

The purpose of the study was to identify the maternal & paternal-fetal attachment. The subjects were 130 pregnant women and 85 their husbands. Data were collected in OB & GY clinic by modified Cranley's Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale. The results were as follows : 1. The mean scores of maternal-fetal attachment (MFA) was 75.57(range: 48-92). The most frequently practiced attachment item was "I can hardly walt to hold the baby(mean 4.32)". The mean scores of paternal-fetal attachment (PFA) was 65.48(range : 48-92). The most frequently practiced attachment item was "I can hardly wait to hold the baby(mean 4.25)". 2. There were significant difference in the degree of MFA, namely, gestational period(p=.020), whether the women had been special things(p=.000) and had experiened on ultrasound scan(p=.001). In the PFA, gestational period(p=.013) gravida(p=.016), duration of marriage(p=.001), family type(p=.036) and whether the women had a health problem(p=.035) were significant difference in degree of attachment. In conclusions, it can be said that parent demonstrated mid-level of attachment to their fetus during pregnancy. Several other factors seemed to be related, indicating a need for further study on maternal & paternal-fetal attachment. It will designed and managed parental class to promoting maternal & paternal-fetal attachment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.14 no.11
• /
• pp.1527-1533
• /
• 2001

Garole is a prolific, rare, less known and small size Indian sheep breed found in low and humid Sunderban region of West Bengal. Although information on stored Garole ram liquid semen upto 24 h is available, but there is a need to further investigate the short-term and long-term preservability of Garole ram semen for extensive utilization of this valuable germplasm by artificial insemination. The aim of the present study was to apply computer-assisted sperm analysis technique for assessing the motion characteristics of Garole ram semen stored (i) in liquid state at refrigeration temperature for short-term preservation upto 48 h and (ii) in frozen state at $-196^{\circ}C$ for long-term preservation after packaging in mini straws. Short-term preservation had a significant effect on motility (p<0.01) as the motility progressively decreased from 90.1% at 0 h to 85.5% and 73.2% after 24 and 48 h of storage, respectively. Although the decline in rapid moving sperms was also significant (p<0.01) on storage but the decrease was more pronounced at 48 h as compared to 24 h of storage period. Storage of chilled semen had also a significant effect on % linearity (p<0.05), % straightness (p<0.01), sperm velocities (p<0.01), amplitude of lateral head displacement (p<0.01) and beat frequency (pO.Ol) of spermatozoa. The replication had a significant effect for all the variables except average path and straight line velocity. However, the interactions of short-term storage and replication were non-significant for most of the variables except % of medium moving sperms, sperm velocities and beat frequency. On long-term preservation of Garole ram spermatozoa under controlled conditions the mean post-thaw recovery of 70.4 and 71.4% motile spermatozoa was achieved having 48.8 and 48.9% of rapidly motile spermatozoa, respectively in both the replicates. The effect of replication on cryopreservation was significant (p<0.05) on amplitude of lateral head displacement and beat frequency, but there was no significant effect on motility, rapidly motile spermatozoa, linearity, straightness and sperm velocities of frozen-thawed spermatozoa. It can be concluded from these results that an average 70% motility can be achieved on storage of Garole ram semen in chilled liquid state upto 48 h or in liquid nitrogen after freezing under controlled conditions in straws. However, further studies are required to evaluate the fertility of short-term and long-term preserved Garole ram semen for extensive use of this prolific sheep breed.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.175-180
• /
• 2007

To evaluate whether there is a relation between Korean red ginseng (KRG)-intake and the suppression of immune hyperactivation in HIV-1-infected patients, we measured serum soluble CD8 (sCD8) over 31-48 months in 168 patients. They were divided into four groups; HIV-1-infected control (n = 49), zidovudine (ZDV) group (n = 22), KRG group (n = 48), and combination of KRG and ZDV group (n = 49). In control, sCD8 and the ratio of sCD8/CD8+ T cells significantly increased by 33% (paired t-test, P < 0.05) and 54% over $21\;{\pm}\;13$ months (P < 0.001), respectively. In ZDV group, sCD8 decreased within first 6 months and then showed steady increase and the ratio also increased over $19\;{\pm}\;10$ months. In KRG group, sCD8 and the ratio of sCD/CD8+ T cells continuously decreased by 45% (P < 0.01) and 19% over $19\;{\pm}\;11$ months (P < 0.05), respectively. In combination group, sCD8 gradually decreased by 29% (P < 0.01). There was a clear difference in the changes in serum sCD8 over time among 4 groups. There was no rebound phenomenon in KRG group as shown in ZDV group. These results suggest that KRG-intake suppresses immune hyperactivation state by HIV antigen itself in the HIV-infected patients.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.63-71
• /
• 2019

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of zinc-bearing palygorskite (Zn-Pal) on rumen fermentation by in vitro gas-production system. Methods: In trial, 90 incubators were evenly divided into five groups: control (0% Zn-Pal), treatment I (0.2% Zn-Pal), treatment II (0.4% Zn-Pal), treatment III (0.6% Zn-Pal), and treatment IV (0.8% Zn-Pal). The contents of zinc for treatments were 0, 49, 98, 147, 196 mg/kg, respectively. The main chemical composition and microstructure of Zn-Pal was investigated by X-ray diffraction. The physicochemical features were evaluated by Zeta potential analysis, cation-exchange capacity, ethylene blue absorption and specific surface area (the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method). In vitro gas production (GP) was recorded at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h incubation. Incubation was stopped at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h and the inoculants were tested for pH, microbial protein yield (MCP), $NH_3-N$, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results: The results showed that the GP in the treatment groups was not significantly different from the control groups (p>0.05). Compared to the control group, pH was higher at 24 h, 48 h (p<0.05), and 72 h (p<0.01) (range 6 to 7). The concentration of $NH_3-N$ in the three treatment groups was higher than in the control group at 24 h (p<0.01), meanwhile, it was lower at 48 h and 72 h (p<0.01), except in the treatment IV. The concentration of MCP in treatment I group was higher than in the control at 48 h (p<0.01). Compared with control, the LPS concentration in treatment III became lower at 12 h (p<0.05). Total VFAs in treatments were higher than in the control at 24 h, 48 h (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that the addition of Zn-Pal can improve the rumen fermentation, especially when adding 0.2% Zn-Pal.