• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.107-119
• /
• 1989

Three species of Korean sticklebacks family Gasterosteidae were reviewed based on the specimens of several populations for the study of their morphological variations and taxonomical positions. All specimens of Gasterosteus aculeatus observed have a complte row of lateral plates ranging from thirty-two to thirty-five in number. The low-plate morph regarded as landlocked type is virtually absent. And no difference was recognized among six populations of G. aculeatus in the meristic chracters, i.e. number of vertebrae, gill rakers and finrays. The Pungitius sinensis and P.kaibarae ssp. shown local variations have scutes ranging from 31 to 35, but not clinal in the morphometric characters. But P.sinensis was statistically different from P.kaibarae ssp. in some characters such as the number of dorsal spine rays and vertebrae, and body depth, although their ranges overlapped. No significant taxonomic difference was detected between white from and black from in dorsal spinous membrane of P.kailbarae ssp. Although these three species of Korean sticklebacks have the same diploid chromosome number (2N=42), G. aculeatus is obviously different from the two species of genus Pungitius in their karyotype ; G. aculeatus consists of six metacentrics, six submetacentrics, and thiry subtelo-acrocentrics, and both P.sinensis and P.kaibarae ssp. have four metacentrics, six submetacentrics, and thirty-four subtelo-acrocentrics.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.17 no.10
• /
• pp.4761-4767
• /
• 2016

Objective: The use of Shamma (smokeless tobacco) by certain groups is giving rise to health problems, including cancer, in parts of Saudi Arabia. Our objective was to determine metals levels in Shamma using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Methods: Thirty-three samples of Shamma (smokeless tobacco) were collected, comprising four types: brown Shamma (n = 14.0), red Shamma (n = 9.0), white Shamma (n = 4.0), and yellow Shamma (n = 6.0). All samples were collected randomly from Shamma users in the city of Najran. Levels of 11 elements (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were determined by ICP-MS. Results: A mixed standard (20 ppb) of all elements was used for quality control, and average recoveries ranged from 74.7% to 112.2%. The highest average concentrations were found in the following order: Al ($598.8-812.2{\mu}g/g$), Mn ($51.0-80.6{\mu}g/g$), and Ni ($23.2-53.3{\mu}g/g$) in all four Shamma types. The lowest concentrations were for As ($0.7-1.0{\mu}g/g$) and Cd ($0.0-0.06{\mu}g/g$). Conclusions: The colour of each Shamma type reflects additives mixed into the tobacco. Cr and Cu were showed significant differences (P < 0.05) among Shamma types. Moreover, Pb levels are higher in red and yellow Shamma, which could be due to use (PbCrO4) as yellow colouring agent and lead tetroxide, Pb3O4 as a red colouring agent. The findings from this study can be used to raise public awareness about the safety and health effects of Shamma, which is clearly a source of oral exposure to metals.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• /
• v.37
• /
• pp.16.1-16.7
• /
• 2015

Background: This study aimed to investigate new bone formation using recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) and locally applied bisphosphonate in rat calvarial defects. Methods: Thirty-six rats were studied. Two circular 5 mm diameter bony defect were formed in the calvaria using a trephine bur. The bony defect were grafted with $Bio-Oss^{(R)}$ only (group 1, n = 9), $Bio-Oss^{(R)}$ wetted with rhBMP-2 (group 2, n = 9), $Bio-Oss^{(R)}$ wetted with rhBMP-2 and 1 mM alendronate (group 3, n = 9) and $Bio-Oss^{(R)}$ wetted with rhBMP-2 and 10 mM alendronate (group 4, n = 9). In each group, three animals were euthanized at 2, 4 and 8 weeks after surgery, respectively. The specimens were then analyzed by histology, histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry analysis. Results: There were significant decrease of bone formation area (p < 0.05) between group 4 and group 2, 3. Group 3 showed increase of new bone formation compared to group 2. In immunohistochemistry, collagen type I and osteoprotegerin (OPG) didn't show any difference. However, receptor activator of nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$ ligand (RANKL) decreased with time dependent except group 4. Conclusion: Low concentration bisphosphonate and rhBMP-2 have synergic effect on bone regeneration and this is result from the decreased activity of RANKL of osteoblast.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.45 no.3
• /
• pp.295-302
• /
• 2007

Statement of problem. Fracture of the tooth-colored superstructure material is one of the main prosthetic complications in implant-supported prostheses. Purpose. The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the fracture strength between the cement-retained implant-supported metal-ceramic crowns and the indirect composite resinveneered metal crowns under the vertical compressive load. Material and methods. Standard implants of external type (AVANA IFR 415 Pre-mount; Osstem Co., Busan, Korea) were embedded in stainless steel blocks perpendicular to their long axis. Customized abutments were fabricated using plastic UCLA abutments (Esthetic plastic cylinder; Osstem Co., Busan, Korea). Thirty standardized copings were cast with non-precious metal (Rexillium III, Pentron, Walling ford, Conn., USA). Copings were divided into two groups of 15 specimens each (n = 15). For Group I specimens, metal-ceramic crowns were fabricated. For Group II specimens, composite resin-veneered (Sinfony, 3M-ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) metal crowns (Sinfony-veneered crowns) were fabricated according to manufacturer's instructions. All crowns were temporary cemented and vertically loaded with an Instron universal testing machine (Instron 3366, Instron Corp., Norwood, MA, USA). The maximum load value (N) at the moment of complete failure was recorded and all data were statistically analyzed by independent sample t-test at the significance level of 0.05. The modes of failure were also investigated with visual analysis. Results. The fracture strength of Sinfony-veneered crowns ($2292.7{\pm}576.0N$) was significantly greater than that of metal-ceramic crowns ($1150.6{\pm}268.2N$) (P < 0.05). With regard to the failure mode, Sinfony-veneered crowns exhibited adhesive failure, while metal-ceramic crowns tended to fracture in a manner that resulted in combined failure. Conclusion. Sinfony-veneered crowns demonstrated a significantly higher fracture strength than that of metal-ceramic crowns in cement-retained implant-supported prostheses.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.38 no.6
• /
• pp.528-533
• /
• 1995

An antiviral protein (AAP29) with ribosome-inactivating activity was purified and characterized from the leaves of the Amaranthus mangostanus. Purification was accomplished through crude extraction, ammonium sulfate precipitation, S-Sepharose chromatography, gel filtration, CM-Sepharose chromatography and Blue sepharose chromatography. This protein was about 29.2 kDa and strongly basic with the PI value between 9.0 and 9.6, indicating that AAP29 is similar to Type 1 RIP. The AAP29 showed high thermostability without activity toss even after 20 min at $50^{\circ}C$. In cell free system using rabbit reticulocyte lysate, AAP29 inhibited protein synthesis with an $IC_{50}$, of 0.18 nM. This protein also reduced mosaic symptoms of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) on tobacco leaves. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of the AAP29 are ADLTFTVTKDGTSQSYXTLXNXWRXW and shows no sequence similarity with any known RIPs.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.123-126
• /
• 2022

We investigated deep levels in n-type 4H-SiC epitaxy layer of the Positive-Intrinsic-Negative diode and Schottky barrier diodes by using deep level transient spectroscopy. Despite the excellent performance of 4H-SiC, research on various deep level defects still requires a lot of research to improve device performance. In Positive-Intrinsic-Negative diode, two defects of 196K and 628K are observed more than Schottky barrier diode. This is related to the action of impurity atoms infiltrating or occupying the 4H-SiC lattice in the ion implantation process. The I-V characteristics of the Positive-Intrinsic-Negative diode shows about ~100 times lower the leakage current level than Schottky barrier diode due to the grid structures in Positive-Intrinsic-Negative. As a result of comparing the capacitance of devices diode and Schottky barrier diode devices, it can be seen that the capacitance value lowered if it exists the P implantation regions from C-V characteristics.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.259-267
• /
• 2011

A pollen analytical study of sediment sequences collected from Yongneup moor (sampling point: $38^{\circ}$12'57.4" N, $120^{\circ}$7'30.2" E) was conducted to understand the vegetation history in the mountainous region of the central Korean peninsula. Carbon dating was carried out to measure five successive samples obtained from the bottom at a depth of 180 cm to the surface. The Yongneup moor sediment revealed four main local pollen zones; that is, four past vegetation phases as follows: Local pollen zone I: Quercus-Pinus zone; estimated age, 5,900-4,800 calibrated years (cal) before present (BP); vegetation type, cool-temperate central/montane deciduous broad-leaved forest. Local pollen zone II: Pinus-Abies-Quercus zone; estimated age, 4,800-3,400 cal BP; vegetation type, cool-temperate northern/alti-montane mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved forest. Local pollen zone III: Quercus-Pinus-Abies zone; estimated age, 3,400-400 cal BP; vegetation type: cool-temperate central/montane deciduous broad-leaved forest. Local pollen zone IV: Pinus-Quercus zone; estimated age, 400-present cal BP; vegetation type, cool-temperate central/montane mixed deciduous broad-leaved and coniferous forest. It was confirmed that subalpine coniferous forests had expanded to the mountainous region of the central Korean peninsula during the period from 4,800-3,400 cal BP and thereafter deciduous forests dominated by Q. mongolica were established. Notably, secondary forests dominated by P. densiflora developed in the lower part of the mountainous region of the central Korean peninsula about 400 cal BP due to human interference.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.121-127
• /
• 2007

In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of a novel formulation of low-dose calcium and vitamin $D_3$ blended with Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch and Eleutherococcus senticosus Max (RE+), in postmenopausal women. The controls were given either a placebo or high dose calcium and vitamin $D_3$ (Ca + D). Bone mineral density (BMD) in the L2-3 lumber spines and femur regions was assessed, and serum osteocalcin, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP), and cross-linked N-telopeptide of type I collagen (NTx) were used as markers of osteoblast and osteoclast activity. Furthermore, all variables were measured before and after 6 and 12 months of treatment. The osteocalcin level was higher in the RE+ group, and BALP was almost the same in all groups. Serum NTx was significantly decreased in the RE+ group after 12 months (p<0.05). The NTx in the Ca + D and placebo groups showed no significant change. The decrease of femur BMD was further demonstrated in the placebo group, but significantly increased in the RE+ group after 6 and 12 months of treatment (p<0.05). There were significant differences in the percent changes of femur BMD between the placebo and RE+ groups (p<0.01) and Ca+D and RE+ groups (p<0.05). The decrease of spine BMD in the placebo group was inhibited both in the Ca + D and RE+ groups, however, there was significant difference only between the placebo and RE+ groups (p<0.05). These findings suggest that continuous oral therapy of the RE+ formulation reduces rapidly decreasing bone mineral density in postmenopausal women more effectively than high doses of calcium and vitamin $D_3$ alone by inhibiting osteoclastic activity. Therefore, it seems that the RE+ has its own antiosteoporotic effects. We suggest larger clinical studies to determine the most efficacious dosage and benefits of this novel treatment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.187-193
• /
• 2014

As a result of the cost of grains, the replacement of grains by co-products (i.e. DDGS) in feedlot diets is a common practice. This change produces diets that contain a lower amount of starch and greater amount of fibre. Hypothetically, combining feed grade urea (U) with slow release urea (Optigen) in this type of diet should elicit a better synchrony between starch (high-rate of digestion) and fibre (low-rate of digestion) promoting a better microbial protein synthesis and ruminal digestion with increasing the digestible energy of the diet. Four cannulated Holstein steers ($213{\pm}4$ kg) were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to examine the combination of Optigen and U in a finishing diet containing different starch:acid detergent fibre ratios (S:F) on the characteristics of digestive function. Three S:F ratios (3.0, 4.5, and 6.0) were tested using a combination of U (0.80%) and Optigen (1.0%). Additionally, a treatment of 4.5 S:F ratio with urea (0.80% in ration) as the sole source of non-protein nitrogen was used to compare the effect of urea combination at same S:F ratio. The S:F ratio of the diet was manipulated by replacing the corn grain by dried distillers grain with solubles and roughage. Urea combination did not affect ruminal pH. The S:F ratio did not affect ruminal pH at 0 and 2 h post-feeding but, at 4 and 6 h, the ruminal pH decreased as the S:F ratio increased (linear, p<0.05). Ruminal digestion of OM, starch and feed N were not affected by urea combination or S:F ratio. The urea combination did not affect ADF ruminal digestion. ADF ruminal digestion decreased linearly (p = 0.02) as the S:F ratio increased. Compared to the urea treatment (p<0.05) and within the urea combination treatment (quadratic, p<0.01), the flow of microbial nitrogen (MN) to the small intestine and ruminal microbial efficiency were greater for the urea combination at a S:F ratio of 4.5. Irrespective of the S:F ratio, the urea combination improved (2.8%, p = 0.02) postruminal N digestion. As S:F ratio increased, OM digestion increased, but ADF total tract digestion decreased. The combination of urea at 4.5 S:F improved (2%, p = 0.04) the digestible energy (DE) more than expected. Combining urea and Optigen resulted in positive effects on the MN flow and DE of the diet, but apparently these advantages are observed only when there is a certain proportion of starch:ADF in the diet.

• Journal of Oriental Medical Thermology
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.47-51
• /
• 2002

Objectives : It is the object of Qigong therapy to promote the circulation of Qi and blood, and to relieve mentality by way of warming lower Danjon. In this study, to prove that Qigong therapy could actually subside heat on upper or middle Danjon and warm the temperature on lower Danjon, we observed the thermal changes of upper, middle, lower Danjon before and after Qigong therapy and compared them. Methods : We selected 16 patients, treated Qigong therapy and examined by D.I.T.I.(Digital Infrared Thermographic Imaging) before and after Qigong therapy, among patients who visited. Qigong clinic, Kangnam Korean hospital, Kyunghee University(Daechi-2dong, Kangnam-Gu) from april to october, 1999. We watched the difference of temperature among upper, middle, lower Danjon before and after Qigong therapy, and used student T-test(paired type, 2 tail) for proving effects of Qigong therapy statistically. Conclusions 1. The difference of temperature$({\Delta}T)$ between upper(Ex-HN3) and lower Danjon(CV4) significantly decreased about $0.55^{\circ}C$ after Qigong therapy(p<0.01). 2. The difference of temperature${\Delta}T$ between middle(CV17) and lower Danjon(CV4) significantly decreased about $0.39^{\circ}C$ after Qigong therapy(p<0.05). 3. The difference of temperature${\Delta}T$ between upper(Ex-HN3) and middle Danjon(CV17) decreased about $0.25^{\circ}C$ after Qigong therapy, but it was not statistically significant.