• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.617-626
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• 2003

This experiment employed a rumen simulated continuous culture system to examine the possibility of improving the rumen bypass of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) by using a high proportion of concentrate in the feed, and compared soya and linseed in terms of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) production. No effect of type of fat source was observed on ruminal fermentation. A high proportion of concentrate (80%) in the feed decreased (P<0.001) vessel pH but increased (P<0.01) ammonia nitrogen, total VFA, acetate, butyrate and valerate concentrations compared with a low proportion (40%). Fat sources (soya vs. linseed) and concentrate ratio in the feed did not affect digestibilities of organic matter (OM), total nitrogen, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Soya increased the flows of trans C18:1, C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 compared with linseed. The difference in fat source alone did not affect the flow of CLA but this was increased when high levels of soya and linseed were associated with a high proportion of concentrate in the feed. There was no effect of fat source on biohydrogenation of C18:1 n-9 and C18:2 n-6, but biohydrogenation of C18:3 n-3 and total C18 PUFA was higher with the linseed than with the soya treatment. A high proportion of concentrate decreased biohydrogenation of C18:2 n-6, C18:3 n-3 and total C18 PUFA compared with a low proportion.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.95-102
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to the effects of the Sling Neurac stabilization exercise(SNSE) on pain, cervical lordosis angle(CLA), and cervical gravity line(CGL) in young adults with a forward head posture. The subjects of the study were selected as SNSEG(n=10) and control group(n=10), they were conducted for 70 minutes three times a week for 8 weeks. Study results showed that pain(p<.001), CGLe(p<.01) were significantly decreased and CLA(p<.001) were also significantly increased in the SNSEG. In conclusion, SNSE is effective in improving the proprioceptive sense of the LM group and activating the muscle. Co-activation with the GM group was found to be effective in improving the CLA and CGL. Therefore, reactivation of the deep neck flexors and suboccipital muscles is an important factor in pain control and postural alignment, and is suggested as an effective intervention method to improve forward head posture.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.537-541
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• 2004

Based on reaction time and substrate molar ratio, structured lipid (SL-corn) was produced at 1:2:2(corn oil/capric acid/CLA) and 4% immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei (RM IM). Reaction was carried out for 24 hr at $55^{\circ}C$ in 1-L stirred-batch reactor. After reaction, 13.3 mol% capric acid and 8.9%, CLA were incorporated into corn oil. Iodine and saponification values of SL-corn were 68 and 202, respectively. Tocopherol content decreased after reaction (about 39%). SL-corn showed more yellowish color than corn oil (p<0.05). Reversed-phase HPLC indicated triacylglycerol species containing capric acid in SL-corn resulted in faster crystallization than that of corn oil.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1175-1179
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• 2004

Structured lipid (SL) was produced from soybean oil with molar ratio of 1：2：2 (soybean oil：capric acid：CLA) using Chirazyme L-2 lipase (4％ by weight of total substrates). The reaction was conducted for 24 hr at 55$^{\circ}C$ in a 1 L stirred-batch type reactor. SL-soybean oil contained 4.9 mol％ capric acid and 4.1 mol％ CLA, respectively. Iodine value of SL-soybean oil was reduced than that of soybean oil due to the incorporated capric acids. Tocopherol content in SL-soybean oil was 18.2 mg/l00 g. SL-soybean oil appeared more yellowish color than soybean oil. Reverse-phase HPLC showed that SL-triacylglycerol species containing capric acid consisted of about 12.6 area％.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1458-1465
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• 2008

Effects of soybean oil or whole cotton seed addition on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and performance of fattening Brahman$\times$Thai-Native cattle were studied. Eighteen fattening cattle averaging $241{\pm}24kg$ body weight and approximately 1 year old were stratified by live weight into three groups and randomly assigned by group to one of three dietary treatments. The treatments were control (concentrated 14% crude protein), control and supplemented with 170 g/d soybean oil, control plus 170 g/d of oil from whole cotton seed. All animals were weighed before and after the experimental period and 4 cattle per treatment were randomly slaughtered then carcass measurements were obtained. There were no statistically significantly differences in the final body weight, average daily gain and dry matter intake among treatments. However, the crude protein intake was significantly decreased (p<0.01) when whole cotton seed was fed compared with control and soybean oil treatments. The carcass composition and carcass characteristics were not significantly different in Longissimus and Semimembranosus muscle by feeding soybean oil and whole cotton seed compared with the control treatment. Supplementation of soybean oil increased (p<0.01) cis-9, trans-11 CLA by 116% in Longissimus muscle and by 240% in Semimembranosus muscle. However, whole cotton seed did not increase cis-9, trans-11 CLA in both muscles. The present study successfully increased cis-9, trans-11 CLA content of muscle lipids by soybean oil but not by whole cotton seed.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.739-747
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• 2018

The low solubility and high-cost recovery of Propionibacterium acnes polyunsaturated fatty acid isomerase (PAI) are key problems in the bioproduction of high value-added conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). To improve the solubility of recombinant PAI, six chaperone proteins were coexpressed with PAI. Introduction of GroELS proteins dramatically improved the PAI solubility from 29% to 97%, with increased activity by 57.8%. Combined expression of DnaKJ-GrpE and GroELS proteins increased the activity by 11.9%. In contrast, coexpression of DnaKJ-GrpE proteins significantly reduced the activity by 57.4%. Plasmids pTf16 harboring the tig gene and pG-Tf2 containing the tig and groEL-groES genes had no visible impact on PAI expression. The lytic protein E was then introduced into the recombinant Escherichia coli to develop a cell autolysis system. A 35% activity of total intracellular PAI was released from the cytoplasm by suspending the lysed cells in distilled water. The PAI recovery was further improved to 81% by optimizing the release conditions. The lipase from Rhizopus oryzae was also expressed in E. coli, with an extracellular activity of 110.9 U/ml. By using the free PAI and lipase as catalysts, a joint system was established for producing CLA from sunflower oil. Under the optimized conditions, the maximum titer of t-10,c-12-CLA reached 9.4 g/l. This work provides an effective and low-cost strategy to improve the solubility and recovery of the recombinant intracellular PAI for further large-scale production of CLA.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1604-1609
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• 2003

A metabolism trial with four ruminally fistulated sheep was conducted in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to examine the effect of concentrate to roughage ratio (70:30 vs. 85:15) and oil source (soybean oil vs. rapeseed oil) on the ruminal fermentation pattern and $C_{18}$-fatty acids composition including trans11-$C_{18:1}$ (trans11-ODA) and cis9, trans11-18:2 (cis9, trans11-CLA) in the rumen fluid and plasma. Oil was added to the concentrate at 5% level of the total diet (DM basis) and chopped rye grass hay was fed as roughage. An increased level of concentrate (85%) within supplemented oil slightly lowered pH but increased ammonia concentration. Supplementation of rapeseed oil relatively increased pH and ammonia concentration. Higher concentrate level resulted in increased tendencies of total VFA concentration while oil source did not affect the total VFA concentration and VFA proportion. Whole tract digestibilities of DM, CP, EE, NDF and OM in diets slightly increased at higher concentrate level. Proportions of oleic acid ($C_{18:1}$) and linoleic acid ($C_{18:2}$) in the rumen fluid were influenced by the fatty acid composition of oil source but oil source did not affect the in vitro formations of trans11-ODA and cis9, trans11-CLA. Slightly increased trans11-ODA and cis9, trans11-CLA proportions, however, were observed from the sheep fed high roughage diet supplemented with both soybean oil and rapeseed oil. The $C_{18:1}$ and $C_{18:2}$ composition in supplemented oils responded to those in plasma of sheep. Effects of concentrate to roughage ratio and oil source on trans11-ODA and cis9, trans11-CLA proportions in plasma were found to be small. Proportion of cis9, trans11-CLA in plasma tended to be increased from the sheep fed high roughage diet and collection time at 9h post feeding.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.243-251
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the addition of cordyceps ochraceostromat, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and silkworm cocoon on the quality and storage characteristics of pork sausage manufactured by MDCM (mechanically deboned chicken meat) recovered protein. The samples were divided into 5 groups (sausage made from pork ham; control, 40% of MDCM recovered protein to replace pork ham; T1, 40% of MDCM recovered protein to replace pork ham with 0.1% cordyceps ochraceostromat; T2, 40% of MDCM recovered protein to replace pork ham with 0.1% CLA; T3, and 40% of MDCM recovered protein to replace pork ham with 0.1% silkworm cocoon; T4). The control sample had a higher moisture and protein contents and lower fat content than the other samples during 4 weeks of storage at $4^{\circ}C$ The treatment samples had lower lightness and higher redness values than the control (p<0.05). Hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness were significantly lower in the treatment samples than the control (p<0.05). All sausage samples showed a significant increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), volatile basic nitrogen, and total plate counts during the storage time (p<0.05). In addition, the MDCM treatment samples had higher TBARS values than the control, but the VBN value of the treatment samples was lower than the control after the 4 weeks storage period.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.197-204
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• 2011

To investigate the effects of Cordyceps ochraceostromat, silkworm cocoon and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) addition on the quality of cremi during storage, this study was conducted. Cremis were prepared using a 20% spent layer breast recovered protein to replace Alaska pollack with the addition of 0.1% silkworm cocoon powder (T1), 0.05% silkworm cocoon powder + 0.05% Cordyceps ochraceostromat powder (T2), and 0.05% silkworm cocoon powder + 0.05% CLA. All manufactured cremis were vacuum-packaged, stored at $10{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ and finally evaluated for their quality on 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks of storage. The pH, whiteness, gel strength and breaking force of cremis from T2 were higher than those of samples derived from either T1 or T3. However, cremis from T2 showed low shear force values when compared to other cremis (p<0.05). Therefore, the results indicate that cremis contained 0.05% silkworm cocoon powder and 0.05% Cordyceps ochraceostromat combination (T2) may be recommendable to induce customers to buy, thereby, it may be beneficial to both manufacturers and consumers in market.