• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.141-145
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between behavioral signs and duration of estrous in Hanwoo and Holstein cattle for the prediction of optical insemination. Fifty two of 58 and 71 of 89 in Hanwoo and Holstein cows or heifers showed estrous exhibition within 72 h after 2 days following $PGF_{2}\alpha$ administration, respectively. The number of mounting and standing heat were 54.2 and 57.6, 59.4 and 53.5, 42.0 and 30.8 and 16.2 and 10.7 times in Hanwoo cows, Hanwoo heifers, Holstein cows and Holstein heifers, respectively. Duration of mounting were no significantly difference for Hanwoo cows ($21.2\pm11.3$), Hanwoo heifers ($19.9\pm11.4$), Holstein cows ($8.7\pm4.4$) and Holstein heifers ($16.9\pm8.0$). Duration of standing heat were significantly (p<0.05) shorter for Holstein cows ($5.4\pm3.4$) than for Hanwoo cows ($17.1\pm9.6$), Hanwoo heifers ($16.5\pm6.3$) and Holstein heifers ($15.0\pm7.2$). Time until mounting after injection of $PGF_{2}\alpha$ were significantly (p<0.05) longer for Holstein cows ($56.3\pm11.45$) than for Hanwoo cows ($42.71\pm10.44$), Hanwoo heifers ($36.6\pm8.21$) and Holstein heifers ($40.70\pm6.15$). Time until standing heat after injection of $PGF_{2}\alpha$ were significantly (p<0.05) longer for Holstein cows ($61.6\pm8.92$) than for Hanwoo cows ($46.2\pm11.49$), Hanwoo heifers ($42.7\pm6.06$) and Holstein heifers ($44.1\pm6.72$). In the results of this study, duration of standing heat was the shortest in Holstein cows ($5.4\pm3.4$). The estimation of estrous with Holstein cows has more difficulty because to significantly shorter duration of standing heat than for Hanwoo cows, Hanwoo heifers and Holstein heifers. The standing heat can be a good predictor for time of ovulation but it is concluded that mounting behavior could be the best predictor for time of ovulation.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.279-286
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• 1997

Serial ultrasonographic examinations were daily performed on 11 bitches (5 Maltese and 3 Yorkshire terrier) from day 15 until parturition to determine the time of Sift detection and ultrasonographic appearance of the fetal and extra-fetal structures. Gestational age was timed from the day of ovulation (day 0), which was estimated to occur when p18sma progesterone concentration was first increased above 4.0 ng/ml. The gestational length in 8 bitches was 61.5 (range: 60-64) days. The initial detection time of fetal and extra-fetal structures were: gestational sac at days 20.5 (18-23); zonary placenta in the uterine wall at days 25.4 (24-30); yolk sac membrane at days 25,5 (23-37); amniotic mombrane at days 28.7 (25-32); embryo initial detection at days 23.3 (20-26); fetal heartbeat at days 23.9 (21-27); fetal movement at days 31.3 (26-34); limb buds at days 32.1 (29-35); rotomarh at days 35.3 (32-40); urinary bladder at days 35.6 (33-39); skeleton at days 37.8 (37- 40) and kidney at days 45.3 (41-49), respectively.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.148-152
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• 1985

When goat spermatozoa were preincubated for 4-6 h and 6 h in the uteri isolated from hamster and rat, and for 6 h in the hamster uterus in situ, they developed the ability to penetrate zona-free hamster eggs in vitro. Zona-free hamster eggs were not penetrated after insemination with goat spermatozoa preincubated in the isolated hamster uterus 4 h before and 2 h after expected time of ovulation, respectively. Zona-free hamster eggs were not penetrated after insemination with goat spermatozoa preincubated for 4 h in the isolated hamster uterus, but 10 and 18% of eggs were penetrated by spermatozoa preincubated for 5 and 6 h in the isolated uterus.

• 한국수정란이식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수정란이식학회 2004년도 제4회 발생공학 국제심포지움 및 학술대회
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• pp.49-50
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• 2004

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제38권8호
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• pp.99-110
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in traditional baby-delivery practices between young mother and grandmother generations. The subjects were 118 young mothers and 118 their own mothers or mothers-in-law in Tae Gu district. Young mothers had the first baby aged from 2-to 2.5-year-old. The subjects answered the questionnaires on Korean traditional baby-delivery practices developed by the researchers based on literature reviews. The data were analyzed using Frequencies, Percentages, Crosstabs, and t-test. The results of this study were as follows: 1. More grandmothers believed in supernatural being who influenced pregnancy and used to be called as 'grandma Sam Shin', expected to have son, and had charms then young mothers. But less grandmothers had sexual intercourse at the time of ovulation, took physical care, and practiced fetal education than young mothers 2. On the other hand, no generation differences were found in dreaming of foretelling conception(Te Mong), eating a restroative and food to get pregnancy, and washing own's hair or body and avoiding attending a funeral near the time of baby-delivery. 3. Most of young mothers gave birth in hospital with the doctor's heap, whereas most of grandmothers did at their home with the help of the experienced old women. Most of young mothers'husbands were at the waiting room in the hospital, but about half of grandmothers'husbands were at work when their wives grove birth.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.157-168
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• 2003

This study was to investigate differences or similarities in pregnant and childbirth practices of Korea, Hong Kong and the United States and of mother-grandmother generations in each culture. The subjects were young mothers(YM) have baby from 2 to 2.5 years and their mothers or mothers-in-law(GM) in Korea(YM=118, GM=118), Hong Kong(YM=126, GM=78) and the United States(YM=105, GM=105). The subjects answered the questionnaires on pregnant and childbirth practices were constructed by specialists of child study in Korea, Hong Kong and the United States. Statistical analyses were by Frequencies, Percentages, Crosstabs, One-wav ANOVA, Scheffe' test, t-test. The results of this study were as follows. 1. Mother and grandmothers of Korea more tended to believe in supernatal being of pregnancy, to expect son, to eat a resortive and a food to help conceive, to inhibit attending a funeral at the time of childbearing, to practice fetal education than of Hong Kong and the United States did. 2. Relating sexual intercourse at the time of ovulation, maternal health care during the pregnancy, childbirth in hospital, husband's being in the hospital waiting room when their wife gave birth were much more prevailant in mothers than grandmothers did in Korea and Hong Kong.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.373-379
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• 1997

This study was carried out to determine the hormone treatment scheme for an efficient superovulation and optimal recovery time for obtaining pronuclear embryos suitable for DNA injection in Korean native goats. For a superovulation, FSH(5.6mg) was given over four days in twice daily injections with (FSH/hCG group) or without(FSH group) hCG(100 IU) co-injection at the time of 7th FSH injection. Estrus cycle was synchronized by norgestomet ear-implantation for 11 days and its removal at the time of 6th FSH injection. Among the treated goats, the percentage of ovulated goats, which were examined at 70 to 76 h following implant removal, was greater in FSH/hCG group than in FSH group (100% vs 36.4%) but there was no significant difference in the mean numbers of ovulation points and fertilization rates between the two groups. To optimize hCG treatment scheme and recovery time, we injected hCG at the time of 7th (FSH/hCGa) or 8th(FSH/hCGb) FSH injection and then examined the developmental stage of the embryos recovered at different times after implant removal. In FSH/hCGa group, significant portions(31 to 44%) were beyond 1-cell stage, which was non-injectable, irrespective of their recovery time. However, in FSH/hCGb group recovered at 70 to 76 h after implant removal, great portions(69%) were fertilized and most of them(96.6%) were injectable 1-cell stage. Considering together the fertilization rate and developmental stage of recovered embryos, it is recommendable to administrate hCG at the time of final 8th FSH injection and collect the embryos at 70 to 76 h after implant removal to obtain injectable embryos as many as possible in Korean native goats.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.223-229
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• 1987

This study was carried out to investigate effects of superovulation and time of embryo recovery on ovarian response, recovery rate and developmental stage of embryo in donor and effects of methods of synchronization, number of corpus luteum (CL), stage of embryo and time of embryo transfer on ovarian response, conception rate and number of newborn in recipients which were transferred on 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 days after synchronization. The results obtained are as follows; 1. The ovulation point of superovulated donor on 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 days after copulation was 23.3, 35.3 and 23.3, respectively. The number of embryos recovered from the donors on 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 days after copulation was 23.3, 25.8 and 19.8, respectively. The ovulation point and number of embryos recovered on 3.5 days were greater than those of 2.5 and 4.5 days. Among 232 embryos recovered on 3.5 days after copulation, 84 were blastocyst and 62 were hatching blastocyst. 2. The number of CL in recipients on 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 days after synchronization was 3.2, 2.9 and 3.8 and showed no difference among the days. 3. When the number of CL was 0, 2-3, 4-6 and more than 7 the pregnancy raet of recipients was 0, 37.5, 66.7 and 75%, respectively. The pregnancy rate of recipients increased as the number of CL increased. 4. The pregnancy rate of transferred morula, blastocyst and hatching blastocyst was 32.0, 37.2 and 24.7%, respectively. The blastocyst nhowed highest pregnancy rate. 5. When the recipients were synchronized by HCG, the number of CL, unruptured follicle, hemorrhage, pregnancy rate and number of young were 5.5, 6.4, 3.3, 72.7% and 3.3, whereas that of GnRH were 2.3, 4.4, 2.8, 25.0% and 1.2, respectively. Recipients synchronized by HCG showed better results than GnRH. 6. When the embryos were collected on 2.5 days after copulation and transferred to the synchromized recipients, the pregnancy rate and the number of young born was 62.58% and 3.1, respectively. Those of 3.5 and 4.5 days after copulation was 57.1% and 1.3, and 37.5% and 1.6. The 2.5 days showed higher pregnancy rate and number of young born than 3.5 and 4.5 days.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.418-425
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• 2002

Estrus was induced in 13 anestrus Korea Jin-do bitches by intramuscular injection of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) in a dose of 500 lU once daily for ten consecutive days, followed by an additional single intraveneous injection of 1,000 lU of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on the tenth day. Day-changes of vaginal epithelial cells during the hormone treatment were investigated in each experimental bitches and compared with the those of spontaneous estrus bitches. The first days of vulval bleeding and male acceptance after PMSG treatment were on Day 6.0$\pm$ 1.5 (mean$\pm$ SD) and Day 9.0$\pm$ 1.9, respectively. And in all of 13 bitches, vulval swelling and perineal reflex were shown. The mean durations of proestrus and estrus were 2.9$\pm$ 1.4 (mean$\pm$ SD, range ; 1-6) and 11.5: 1.7 (range ; 8-14) days, respectively, that is, duration of proestrus was significantly shorter than that of the spontneous estrous bitches but duration of estrus was longer than that of the spontaneous estrous bitches. Characteristic features of vaginal cytology during the estrous cycle were the high proportions of large intermediate cell, superficial cell, anuclear cell and erythrocyte in proestrus, superficial cell and anuclear cell in estrus and parabasal cell, small intermediate, large intermediate cell, and leukocyte in diestrus, respectively. The comification index (Cl) was significantly high proportion in proestrus and estrus, when Day 0 was timed from the first day of male acceptance, the Cl was first increased above 80% on Day 0 and maintained above 80% until Day 0 to Day 5 during 6 days and showed a peak on Day 2. Also it was maintained above 90% until Day 2 to Day 3 during 2 days. These results indicated that all 13 ekperimental bitches showed positive estrus detection by the estrus behavior and vaginal smear test after treated with PMSG and hCC. It suggested that vaginal cytology was used to estimate the optimal mating and ovulation time, in consideration of the day when the Cl was maintained above 80% in estrus-induced Korea Jin-do bitches.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.109-119
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• 2006

비글개 6두에서 11회(임신견 7두, 비 임신견 4두)의 발정 주기 및 임신 기간 동안 질 상피 세포 검사 및 혈장 progesterone과 estradiol-$17{\beta}$ 농도를 측정하여 질 상피 세포상과 번식 호르몬의 관계를 조사하고 배란 및 교배 적기 판정을 위한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 본 실험을 실시하였다. 임신 예와 비 임신 예에 있어서 발정 전기, 발정기 및 발정 휴지기의 기간은 각각 $8.5{\pm}1.4(Mean{\pm}SD),\;10.0{\pm}1.4$ 및 $54.0{\pm}2.8$ 그리고 $7.9{\pm}2.1,\;9.5{\pm}0.7$ 및 $62.0{\pm}11.3$일이었다. 임선 예에 비해 비 임신견의 발정 휴지기가 길었으며, 발정 주기 사이의 간격은 임선 예가 $246.2{\pm}24.5$일, 비 임신 예은 $175.3{\pm}34.5$일을 나타내어 임신이 되었던 예가 임신이 되지 않았던 예보다 길었다. 발정 주기별 질 상피 세포상의 변화를 보면 발정 전기와 발정기에는 superficial cell, anuclear cell 및 적혈구가, 발정 휴지기에는 parabasal cell, small intermediate cell, large intermediate cell 및 백혈구가, 그리고 무발정기에는 parabasal cell과 small intermediate cell이 주종을 이루었다. Cornification index(CI)는 발정 주기와 발정기에 유의하게 높았다. 발정 주기 중 혈장 progesterone과 estradiol-$17{\beta}$의 농도 사이의 관계를 혈장 progesterone 농도가 최초로 4.0 ng/ml 이상으로 상승한 날을 기준(Day 0)으로 살펴보면, 혈장 progesterone 농도는 발정 출혈 개시 일에 1.0 ng/ml 이하였으나 Day -2에 2.0 ng/ml 이상으로 상승하였으며, 혈장 progesterone 농도가 최초로 4.0 ng/ml 이상으로 상승한 날은 최초 교배 허용 후 2일이었다. Day 20일 경에 임신 예 및 비임신 예 모두 40 ng/ml 이상으로 최고치를 나타내었으며 Day 35 일까지 임신 예와 비 임신 예 사이에 차이가 인정되지 않았으나 이후 임신 예가 비 임신 예에 비해 높게 유지된 기간이 걸었다. 혈장 estradiol-$17{\beta}$ 농도는 발정 출혈 개시 일에 9 pg/ml 이상을 나타냈으며 이후 급증하여 Day -2 에 26.4 pg/ml로 peak를 나타내었다. CI와 혈장 progesterone 및 estradiol-$17{\beta}$ 농도 사이의 관계를 살펴보면, 혈장 estradiol-$17{\beta}$ 농도는 최초 교배 허용 일(Day 0)에 peak를 나타냈고 혈장 progesterone 농도는 Day 2에 4.0 ng/ml 이상으로 처음 상승하였다. CI 는 혈장 estradiol-$17{\beta}$ peak 이후 l일(Day 1)에 최고치를 나타냈으며 80% 및 90% 이상으로 증가한 날은 각각 Day -1 및 Day 1이었다. CI가 80% 및 90% 이상을 지속한 기간은 각각 Day -1에서 Day 8(10 일간 ) 및 Day 1에서 Day 6(6 일간)이었다. CI가 최고치를 나타낸 후 l일 (Day 2)에 혈장 progesterone 농도가 4.0 ng/ml 이상으로 처음 증가하였다. 결과를 종합하면 본 연구에서 비글개의 배란은 혈장 estradiol-$17{\beta}$ peak 이후 3일 및 혈장 progesterone 농도가 4.0 ng/ml 이상으로 처 음 상승한 날에 일어나며, 교배 적기는 CI가 90% 이상으로 증가한 후 2일 이후와 혈장 progesterone 농도가 $2{\sim}25\;ng/ml$인 시기로 생각된다.