• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.12 no.34
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• pp.737-741
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• 1974

Coffee is a popular beverage with many people at home and in the tea-room, Caffeine is a major chemical compound of the coffee. A little caffeine is a stimulant to the movement and spiritual nerve, but much caffeine influences sleep, nervousness, non-concentration, headache and giddliness depending upon each person. The writhe expresses the result of the caffeine content in the coffee which is collected from the coffee-shapes of Seoul. The contents are as follows : 1) Caffeine content of the coffee of the tea-room was researched dividing into the contral Seoul city and the outskirts of Seoul. 2) Caffeine content of the coffee in the outskirts tea-rooms is 0.32-1.23 mg/ml and the average is 0.546 mg/ml (SD 0.19). 3) Caffeine content of the coffee of the central city is 0.34-0.73 mg/ml and the average is 0.513 mg/ml (SD 0.12). 4) There was no difference between the outskirts and the central city. 5) Caffeine content of the coffee of the tea-rooms according to each season is going to be researched.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.45-48
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• 1975

Coffee is a popular beverage with many people at home and in the tea-room. Caffeine is a major chemical compound of coffee. A little caffeine is a stimulant to the movement and spiritual nerve, but much caffeine influences sleep, nervousness, non-concentration, headache and giddiness depending upon each person. The writer expresses the result of the caffeine content in the coffee which is collected from the coffee- shops of Seoul. The contents are as follows : 1) Caffeine content of the coffee of the tea-room was researched dividing into the central Seoul city and the outskirts of Seoul. 2) Caffeine content of the coffee in the outskirts tea-rooms is $0.32{\sim}1.23mg/ml$ and the average is 0.546mg/ml (SD 0.19). 3) Caffeine content of the coffee of the central city is $0.34{\sim}0.73mg/ml$ and the average is 0.513mg/ml(SD 0.12). 4) There was no difference between the outskirts and the central city. 5) Caffeine content of the coffee of the tea-rooms according to each season is going to be researched.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.60.2-60.2
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• 2020

In the hierarchical framework, galaxies grow through mergers and accretion. Those mechanisms leave faint features, such as stellar streams, shells and smooth stellar halos in the outskirts of galaxies. In order to search for those features in the nearby galaxies, we are conducting a KMTNet Nearby Galaxy Survey using the Korea Microlensing Telescope Network. We present a deep and wide-field imaging of NGC 5236, a barred spiral galaxy. In one-dimensional surface brightness profiles, we reach 28, 29 mag/arcsec2 in the R- and B-band, respectively. We find that the outer disk of NGC 5236 can be well described with a single exponential profile up to 17 kpc (~3.8 Reff) indicating that the excess light due to the stellar halo is not clearly detected. B-R color gradually increases towards the outskirts of the galaxy. It may reveal that stellar properties in the outskirts are marginally distinctive from those in the central part.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2008

The characters of Castanea crenata community which is associated with human activities recently extended around the field of Saengbiryang-myeon at Sanseong-gun in Gyeongsangnam-do. The C. crenata community and its outskirts were investigated for several ecological parameters and the results can be summarized as fellows. C. crenata is prevailing in the plantation area, whereas Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica are prevailing in its outskirts. The mean species diversity of plantation was lower than that of natural forests. In stratification of investigated areas, overstory tree layer was dominant in the zone of plantation and dominant layers in the natural forest were understory tree layer, shrub, and herb. Plant biomass and net production which estimated from degree of green naturality were much higher in natural forests than those of the plantation community. Least significant differences (LSD) post hoc analysis revealed that P. densiflora and Q. mongolica community had significantly greater than densities than C. crenata community.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.201-205
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• 2005

With rapid urbanization, various problems have been occurred in the city. The most serious one is dwelling. The gap of income between the rich and the poor resulted in deteriorating the pattern of the house consume. In case of developing a bad residential area, this area is changed into a new residential area, but the dweller, who lived in the bad area, may move into the outskirts of the city. This means that a bad residential area is sprawled and spreading. Therefore. the rescue plan of the existing dweller according to urban redevelopment were suggested in this study.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.72.2-72.2
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• 2012

We analyzed the properties of shock waves in galaxy clusters, by using the data of simulations for the large-scale structure of the universe with the spatial resolution of up to 25 kpc/h. In a substantial fraction of clusters, we found that strong shocks with Mach number of several or larger exist in outskirts within the virial radius. They are produced by the accretion of warm gas flowing from filaments to clusters, and generate large cosmic-ray fluxes. The cosmic rays advect into cluster cores, but may temporally induce the population inversion, that is, larger population at larger radius, suggested by recent radio and ${\gamma}$-ray observations.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.216-228
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• 2002

This study analyzes the decision-making processes for university students to choose the location of their future houses in metropolitan area. Based on their intuitive judgment, the university students prefer the general criteria, transportation, facility, education and society, and economy in order. The Kendall coefficient of concordance W which determines the association among the rankings of the students' judgement on the importance of the general criteria is so low. It means that the students highly disagree their rankings of the importance of the general criteria. The rankings of the importance of the criteria like as transportation and education society are concentrated on a mean value, but those of the criteria like natural environment and economy are relatively dispersed. The students prefer the area between the center of Taegu-si center and its outskirts, the outskirts of Taegu-si, and the center of Taegu'si in order as an alternative location of their future house. From the specific criteria like the price of land and house, the student's preferences on the alternative locations of future house are varied as compared with those of the general criteria. According to a sensitivity analysis, the student's preference on the center of Taegu-si is increased, but that on the the outskirts of Taegu-si is decreased as the importance of facility and transportation factor is increased. On the contrary, the student's preference on the outskirts of Taegu-si is increased, but that on the center of Taegu-si is decreased as the importance of natural environments is increased.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.76.2-76.2
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• 2015

We present the results of the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT) HI imaging study of seven late-type galaxies. They are located in the outskirts of the Virgo cluster, possibly along a filament connected to Virgo from the north-west. Most galaxies in this region are found to be HI-rich, containing more HI gas compared to field galaxies with similar size and optical luminosity. The positions of the sample with respect to the cluster and their high HI mass-to-light ratios suggest that the selected galaxies might be accreting more gas from their surroundings while falling into the cluster. By high-resolution HI imaging, we aim to find evidence that galaxies are pre-processed by gas accretion from the intergalactic medium and/or gas-rich neighbors. We probe the detailed HI morphology/kinematics and the star formation properties of the sample. All of these galaxies are found with a large HI disk which is quite extended compared to their stellar disk. Together with kinematical peculiarities, this strongly suggests that cold gas accretion is responsible for active star formation in these galaxies.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.30.1-30.1
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• 2015

Radio relics are diffuse radio sources found in the outskirts of galaxy clusters and they are thought to trace synchrotron-emitting relativistic electrons accelerated at shocks. We explore a diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) model for radio relics in which a spherical shock with the parameters relevant for the Sausage radio relic in cluster CIZA J2242.8+5301 impinges on a magnetized cloud containing fossil relativistic electrons. This model is expected to explain some observed characteristics of giant radio relics such as the relative rareness, uniform surface brightness along the length of thin arc-like radio structure, and spectral curvature in the integrated radio spectrum. We find that the observed surface brightness profile of the Sausage relic can be explained reasonably well by shocks with speed $u_s{\sim}3{\times}10^3km/s$ and sonic Mach number $M_s{\sim}3$. These shocks also produce curved radio spectra that steepen gradually over $(0.1-10){\nu}_{br}$ with a break frequency ${\nu}_{br}{\sim}1GHz$, if the duration of electron acceleration is ~60-80 Myr. However, the abrupt increase in the spectral index above ~1.5 GHz observed in the Sausage relic seems to indicate that additional physical processes, other than radiative losses, operate for electrons with the Lorentz factor, ${\gamma}_e$ > $10^4$.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.353-372
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• 2007

This study aims at providing ideas to develop a new plan after the completion of the first five year School Library Development Plan(2003-2007) initiated by the Ministry of Education(MOE). In doing so, it analyzes cooperative systems and collaborative efforts between school and public libraries in the City of Seoul and its outskirts. Major research methods used are associated with the following (1) case studies in the city of Seoul, Inchon, and the Kyung-Gi province and (2) questionnaire and interviewing techniques for those who are engaged In the collaborative systems. In sum, this study analyzes the strengths and limitations of the cooperative systems in different regional areas. It also suggests ideas to improve the shortcomings of current systems.