• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.51-58
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• 2011

Objective: To evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS), fracture mode, wire pull out (WPO) resistance and microleakage between low-shrinking and conventional composites used as a lingual retainer adhesive. Methods: A total of 120 human mandibular incisor teeth, extracted for periodontal reasons, were collected. Sixty of them were separated into two groups. To determine the SBS, either Transbond-LR (3M-Unitek) or Silorane (3M-Espe) was applied to the lingual surface of the teeth by packing the material into standard cylindrical plastic matrices (Ultradent) to simulate the lingual retainer bonding area. To test WPO resistance, 20 samples were prepared for each composite where the wire was embedded in the composite materialand cured. Then tensile stress was applied until failure of the composite occurred. The remaining 60 teeth were divided into two groups and multi-stranded 0.0215-inch diameter wire was bonded with the same composites. Microleakage was evaluated by the dye penetration method. Statistical analyses were performed by Wilcoxon, Pearson chi-square, and Mann-Whitney-U tests at p < 0.05 level. Results: The SBS and WPO results were not statistically significant between the two groups. Significant differences were found between the groups in terms of fracture mode (p < 0.001). Greater percentages of the fractures showed mix type failure (85%) for Silorane and adhesive (60%) for Transbond-LR. Microleakage values were lower in low-shrinking composite than the control and this difference was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Low-shrinking composite produced sufficient SBS, WPO and microleakage values on the etched enamel surfaces, when used as a lingual retainer composite.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.511-519
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• 1999

생역학적으로 우수한 스프링을 설계하기 위해서 스프링의 형태에 여러 가지 변화를 주면서 각 상황에서 force system이 변하는 양상을 수치분석계산과 spring tester를 이용한 실험과 비교하였다. 주어진 해부학적인 한계 내에서 최대한 생역학적 효율을 높이는 요소들을 제시하였다. 1. 스프링의 높이가 증가하면 M/F ratio는 증가하고 L/D rate은 감소한다. 2. 스프링의 최소 굽힘 모멘트 부위보다 위에 wire를 첨가하면 M/F ratio는 증가하고 L/D rate은 감소한다. 3. 스프링의 최소 굽힘 모멘트 부위보다 아래에 wire를 첨가하면 M/F ratio는 감소하고 L/D rate도 감소한다. 4. 스프링의 위쪽에 아무리 wire를 많이 첨가하여도 스프링의 높이 이상의 M/F ratio는 얻을 수 없다. 5. 제한된 높이의 스프링으로 충분한 M/F ratio를 얻기 위해서는 부가적인 모멘트가 필요하다. 6. 스프링의 수평 길이가 증가할 수록 M/F ratio와 L/D rate는 감소하므로 부가적인 모멘트는 점점 각도가 증가할 수 있도록 스프링 전체에 부여할 필요가 있다. 7. L/D rate는 재료, 단면, 그리고 형태에 영향을 받지만 M/F ratio는 재료나 단면에 관계없이 스프링의 형태에만 영향을 받는다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.89-100
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of orthodontic force on periodontal cellular activity by immunoperoxidase stain of epidermal growth factor, one of the tissue hormone. And supplementarily, to investigate of the changes of periodontal structures, periodontium was stained by H-E, Masson's Trichrome, P. A. S. stain after orthodontic force application. The experimental animals were four young adult dogs of average 8 month old. The fixed orthodontic appliance was cemented on mandibular right 4th premolar and 1st molar of each animal as experimental site. Mandibular left 4th premolar area of the same animal was used as control. The appliance consist of two silver crown soldered with 0.030' tube, $0.018\times0.022'$ S.S. sectional arch wire, and 0.009' open coil spring for manifestating of orthodontic force for bodily tooth movement of mandibular 4th premolar toward mesial direction. Experimental group was sacrificed at 1, 2, 3, 5 weeks from beginning of the experiment, and was investigated immunohistochemically and bistochemically by several staining methods. Findings were as follows: 1. The degree of EGF staining in control group was highest in epithelium of periodontium, and osteoclasts, osteoblasts and fibroblasts around the capillary were stained at higher level in periodontium. Generally, control group shows positive distribution of EGF all around the periodontal area. 2. The degree of EGF staining in control and 5 week group were similar, and did not show the significant different level between tension and pressure side. 3. All of 1, 2, 3 week group showed the same staining degree and distribution of EGF, and the tension side was more positive reaction of EGF stain than the pressure side. 4. The features of collagen fiber and periodontal fiber arrangement observed by H-E, Masson's Trichrome and P. A. S. stain revealed that oblique periodontal fibers were strectched in tension side, compressed in pressure side of all experimental group. Some fiber group in pressure side of 5 week group recovered the regular arrangement along the capillaries.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.557-578
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• 1992

Heat treatment which removes internal stress enhances the mechanical properties of the orthodontic arch wire. The main purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effects of the heat treatment on the mechanical properties of the Elgiloy wire. The Elfiloy wire, 0.016' X 0.022' and 0.018' X 0.025', were heat treated in an electric oven for 5, 10 and 15 minutes at selected temperatures between 300 and $900^{\circ}C$. Tensile strength and load deflection rate were measured to reveal the changes of mechanical property at various conditions, and each specimen was observed under metallurgic microscope. Also to trace the precipitation material due to overheat treatment, a qualitative analysis was carried out with EDS system. It was found that heat treatment at a low temperature caused an increase in the tensile strength and bending resistance, and a maintenance in the fibrous in the tensile strength and bending resistance, and a maintenance in the fibrous structure of both sizes of wire. The changes observed in properties and appearance were probably due to the relief of internal stresses incurred in the metal during cold working. In both sizes of wire the tensile strength and the bending resistance continued to decrease at high temperature, and the fibrous structure continued to disappear then was not observed at $900^{\circ}C$. The carbide precipitation founded in grain boundary at $750^{\circ}C$ probably was other elements carbide (Ni, Co) except Cr. The grain growth was observed at $1100^{\circ}C$. Optimum heat treatment for the 0.016' X 0.022' Elgiloy wire was 10 minutes at $500^{\circ}C$, and for the 0.018' X 0.025' Elgiloy wire it was 5 to 15 minutes at $500^{\circ}C$.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2012

Objective: We evaluated the detachment force, amount of deformation, fracture mode, and pull-out force of 3 different wires used for bonded lingual retainer fabrication. Methods: We tested 0.0215-inch five-stranded wire (PentaOne, Masel; group I), $0.016{\times}0.022$-inch dead-soft eight-braided wire (Bond-A-Braid, Reliance; group II), and 0.0195-inch dead-soft coaxial wire (Respond, Ormco; group III). To test detachment force, deformation, and fracture mode, we embedded 94 lower incisor teeth in acrylic blocks in pairs. Retainer wires were bonded to the teeth and vertically directed force was applied to the wire. To test pull-out force, wires were embedded in composite that was placed in a hole at the center of an acrylic block. Tensile force was applied along the long axis of the wire. Results: Detachment force and mode of fracture were not different between groups. Deformation was significantly higher in groups II and III than in group I (p < 0.001). Mean pull-out force was significantly higher for group I compared to groups II and III (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Detachment force and fracture mode were similar for all wires, but greater deformations were seen in dead-soft wires. Wire pull-out force was significantly higher for five-stranded coaxial wire than for the other wires tested. Five-stranded coaxial wires are suggested for use in bonded lingual retainers.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.133-144
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• 1986

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of loop formation and heat treatment upon the elastic properties of orthodontic wires. The specimens selected were .016', .018', .016x.022', and .018x.022' sized stainless steel (standard) and cobalt-chromium-nickel wires, and were divided into 7 groups as; 1. straight non-heat treated 2. U looped non-heat treated 3. L looped non-heat treated 4. Circle looped non-heat treated 5. U looped heat treated 6. L looped heat treated 7. Circle looped heat treated Heat treatment was performed in Big Jane furnace at 850' F for 3 minutes. The elastic limit and the elastic range of each specimen were determined by bending test, and load deflection rate was computed from those values. The findings were as follows; 1. The formation of loop resulted in increased load-deflection rate for both stainless steel and cobalt-chromium-nickel wires. 2. The heat treated group showed higher load-deflection rate than non-heat treated group, which was more apparent in cobalt-chromiumnickel wire than in stainless steel wire. 3. L loop had the highest load-deflection rate among 3 types of loops, followed by U loop and circle loop. 4. The specimens with greater diameter displayed the more increase in load-deflection rate by looping and heat treatment.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.543-560
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• 1991

Practitioners are aware of the presence of friction between bracket system and archwire during sliding movement of teeth. Clinically a mesiodistally applied force must exceed the frictional force to produce a tooth movement. The objective of this study were to determine, on a dry condition, changes in magnitude of friction with respect to load, 3rd order inclination (Torque), archwire materials and ligature type. Three wire alloys (Stainless Steel, TMA, NiTi) in two wire sizes (.016, .016x, .022 inch) were examined respect to two bracket system (Straight, Standard), and two ligature type (Metal, Plastic ligature) at three levels of load (100g, 150g, 200g). The results were as follows; 1. Frictional resistance was found to increase with increasing load for S.S., TMA, NiTi. 2. The straight bracket system was exhibited more frictional force than standard bracket system for .016x, .022 S.S. tightly ligated metal ligature. But, torque difference did not increase friction for loose metal ligature & plastic ligature. 3. Regardless of the ligature type, torque and load, stainless steel wire sliding against stainless steel exhibited the lowest friction, and TMA sliding against stainless steel exhibited the highest friction. 4. The loose stainless steel ligature generated lower frictional resistance than plastic ligature in all experimental groups. 5. The following factors affected friction in decreasing order; wire material ligature type, and load.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.265-277
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• 2014

목적: 고정식 교정장치에서 removable sliding jig (R-jig)와 temporary anchorage devices (TADs)를 이용하여 상악 구치의 원심 이동 시 힘의 크기와 와이어의 단면 크기에 따른 치아 이동과 치조골에 미치는 효과의 차이를 유한요소방법을 통하여 분석하고자 한다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 정상적인 치아 크기와 악궁 형태를 가진 상악 치아와 상악 치조골을 3차원 형상 모델링하고, 브라켓, 교정용 호선 및 R-jig를 포함한 유한요소 모델을 제작하였다. 골격성 고정원인 mini-implant를 제2소구치와 제1대구치 사이 협측으로 주호선 기준 8 mm 상방 위치시키고, mini-implant를 직접 고정원으로 사용하여 R-jig에 후방력을 부여하였다. 주호선을 $0.019{\times}0.025$ inch SS로 설정하고, R-jig의 와이어 단면 크기를 $0.019{\times}0.025$ inch SS, 후방력의 크기를 200 gm, 결찰을 하지 않는 조건을 기준 조건으로 설정하였다. 그리고 R-jig의 와이어 단면 크기, 후방력의 크기를 다르게 한 조건들을 설정하여 비교하였다. 결과: R-jig의 와이어 단면 크기가 증가함에 따라 후방력에 의한 R-jig의 변형이 적게 관찰되었지만, 제2대구치의 변위량은 아주 미미한 차이를 보였다. 제2대구치에 가해지는 후방력의 크기가 증가할수록 변위량도 같이 증가하였고, 원심경사 경향과 수직 변위량도 더 커졌다. 결론: R-jig는 임상적으로 큰 부작용 없이 치아의 원심이동을 가능하게 한다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.187-200
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• 1995

국산 Ni-Ti합금 교정용 선재(ORTHOLLOY)의 특성을 평가하기 위하여 성분, 인장특성, 굽힘특성, 열처리성, 내식성, 이온용출 등에 대해 조사하고 외국산 Ni-Ti합금 선재(SENTALLOY)의 특성과 비교 분석한 결과는 다음과 같았다. ORTHOLLOY는 초탄성 효과를 나타내는 범위내에서의 Ni과Ti 함량을 포함하고 있었다. 인장실험에서 ORTHOLLOY는 연신율 $2\%$에서 $8\%$정도 범위내에서 하중의 변화가 거의 없는 초탄성 효과를 나타내었다. 3점 굴곡실험에서 ORTHOLLOY는 SENTALLOY 보다 같은 변위량에서 높은 하중값을 나타내었고, 초탄성을 나타내는 변위영역에서의 하중 범위는 ORTHOLLOY의 경우 0.014" 에서 80-100g, 0.016"에서 140-180g, 0.018" 에서 150-200g의 값을 나타내었다. $400^{\circ}C,\;500^{\circ}C$의 열처리에 의해 초탄성을 나타내는 하중범 위가 낮아졌고, 각 열처리 온도에서는 시간이 증가함에 따라 초탄성을 나타내는 하중값의 범위가 낮아졌으며 $600^{\circ}C$에서는 10분간의 열처리로 초탄성 효과가 소실되었다. 용출되어 나온 Ni 이온의 양은 SENTALLOY의 0.01ppm미만의 극소량에 비해 ORTHOLLOY에서는 0.3ppm 전후로 높게 나타났다. 침적 실험후 주사전자현미경 관찰을 통한 표면조직 소견은 SENTALLOY에서는 침적 전후 및 침적 시간의 경과에 관계없이 전체적으로 비교적 균일한 양상을 보였으나 ORTHOLLOY에서는 pitting corrosion양상을 보였다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.325-333
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• 2001

바람직한 교정치료는 최적의 교정력을 치아에 가하여 정확하게 치아이동을 조절하고 예측함에 따라 가능해진다. 치관에 힘과 모멘트가 동시에 적용될 때 그 비율(M/F ratio)에 따라 치주인대에 나타나는 응력 분포가 변화하게 되고 이에 따른 회전중심의 위치가 변하게 되는데 이런 양상을 파악함으로써 정확한 치아이동을 조절하고 예측할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 교정력에 따른 치주인대 및 치조골 부위에서의 응력 분포를 알아보기 위하여 상악 중절치 치근 8부위에 스트레인 게이지를 부착한 인공 치아를 광탄성 레진에 매식한 4mm 정중이개 증례의 상악 전치부 실험모형을 제작하여 응력 분포를 조사하였다. 폐쇄 방법으로 다음과 같은 3가지 방법을 적용하였다. 1. 금속 호선의 삽입 없이 100g의 힘을 발휘하는 elastomeric chain만 사용한 경우, 2. .016" 금속호선을 삽입하고 elastomeric chain을 사용한 경우, 3. .016“x.022” 금속호선을 삽입하고 elastomeric chain을 사용한 경우. 각각의 경우에서 치근의 근심면, 원심면 및 순면, 설면에 나타나는 응력을 계측하여 비교 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 치근 부착 스트레인 게이지를 이용한 응력 분포 조사 방법으로 치아이동시 치근의 근 원심면 및 순 설면에서의 응력 분포를 파악할 수 있었으며 이에 따른 모멘트 팔의 형성을 추정함으로써 치아의 회전양상을 알 수 있었다. 2. 호선없이 교정력을 적용한 경우 정출 및 경사이동이 컸으며 호선 적용에 따라 압하 및 치체이동 양상을 보이는 것을 응력 분포 파악을 통해 확인할 수 있었다.