• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.367-386
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• 2020

The significance of this study was to analyze the quality value of organic livestock pork for the first time based on the results of managing and testing the cycling organic farming of black pork and vegetables within farm for two years. The results of analysis could be summarized as follows. First, the pork of experimental group with crop-livestock cycling farming showed the excellent quality and high consumer preference compared to the control group of general pork or pork from non-crop-livestock cycling organic farming. In the content ratio of Omega-3 as a representative essential fatty acid, it was 1.46 that was about 2.8 times more than general pork (0.52). In case of Omega-6, it had about 2.5 times more than general pork. Especially, the U/S ratio value which was the content ratio of Unsaturated Fatty Acid (UFA, U) of Saturated Fatty Acid (SFA, S), was largely shown in pork (2.93) from cycling organic farming. Second, it would be necessary to maintain the economies of scope shown in crop-livestock cycling organic farming, and the high quality value of livestock products. For this, there should be a value chain model that could realize the economies of scope and economies of scale at the same time based on scaling and diversification through cooperative organization between farmers. Through this, it would be possible to establish a cycling model called 'community cooperative agriculture' by forming local internal markets through cooperation of production-processing and integration of distribution-sale-consumption. For the managerial activation of this cooperative organization, the government should promote/support the small crop-livestock cycling organic farming cooperative organization in local unit. For securing the reliability of crop-livestock cycling organic agricultural products and crop-livestock cycling organic livestock products, it would be necessary to review the introduction of Participatory Guarantee System (PGS).

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.spc
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• pp.186-189
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• 2011

By surveying the 70 composting plants in Gyeonggi Province, the total commercial production of livestock faeces composts (LFCs) in 2008 was estimated to be about 480,000 Mg year-1 and they were manufactured mainly by using both mechanical mixer and bottom air blower. LFCs were composed mainly of chicken faeces 29.2%, pig+chicken faeces 23.1%, pig faeces 20.0%, livestock faeces+oil cake 12.3%, pig+chicken+cattle faeces 10.8% and pig+cattle faeces 4.6%. On the basis of the current official standard which was revised on March 2010, 11 composts out of surveyed 76 ones did not meet the LFCs quality standard (LQS) due to inadequate content of water (5), OM/N (1), NaCl (2) and Zn (3). The OM/N declined by adding chicken faeces and oil cake, while Ca content increased by the addition of chicken faeces and NaCl increased by adding cattle faeces.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.57-72
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• 2018

Organic agriculture seeks sustainable agriculture. Organic agriculture is based on circulating agriculture of a family farm unit. However, as of the end of 2016, only 33 out of the total organic farming farms were implementing Crop-Livestock cycling organic farming. The reason seems to be a matter of income after all. The optimal size combination refers to the scale by which family farms can maintain their quality of life while engaging in farming activities. In other words. it is a farm scale that maintains optimal income through stable labor costs. In the meantime, there has been no previous study on the optimal economical combination of Crop-Livestock cycling farming. Choi (2016) analyzed whether the economies of scope (EOS) were realized in the combined production by using the management data of the farmers who practiced Crop-Livestock cycling organic farming for four years. As a result, it has been revealed that the EOS measurement value is 0 or more so the economies of scope are being realized. Therefore, the purpose of this empirical analysis is to identify farm incomes under this circumstance. It is assumed that the optimum production is achieved by balancing the total income curve and the total cost curve in the optimal scale production range. The results of the analysis are as follows. First, the income after the conversion to Crop-Livestock cycling farming was 44,789,280 won, the sum of the seedling-livestock sector, which was 17,873,120 won higher when the non-Crop-Livestock cycling farming was assumed. The same is true for 2014 and 2015. The reason for this is that pig droppings were composted from organic seedlings, and the cost of selling pork was 150,000 won/per pig more expensive even though the manufacturing cost of organic feeds was higher than the purchasing cost. Secondly, this study simulated the result that the economic index varies when the farm size combination is changed by the farm size of 100% standard (S100) as of 2014. S130 is the increase in size from 100% of 2014, whereas S30 is the result of 3ha crop and 66 livestock (pigs). As a result of this simulation, Crop-Livestock cycling farming income decreased more than non-Crop-Livestock cycling farming as the farm size decreased, whereas the income decreased as the farm size increased. When the size was reduced below S50, the income tended to decrease. In this situation, EOS changed in the same direction. The results showed that when the farming size was reorganized and reduced to 50% compared to 2014, the income and income difference was the highest. At the same time, economies of scope (EOS) were the highest at 0.12985. In other words, it was found that the income of farm houses in a family farm unit sector was the best in the combination of 1.5ha crop agriculture and 110 livestock (pigs).

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.75-86
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• 2002

This study was performed to investigate situation of livestock manure generated from Kangwon-do and to evaluate its composting probability. The scale of livesrock-farming is bigger and bigger in Korea. Regulation based on the heads of livestock is slightly different from that based on livestock-farming household. So it is needed ro evaluate regulations for livestock head and livestock-farming household. Composting and liquid fertilization were thought to be appropriate technologies to the trearment of Korean cattle and pig manures, respectively. Generation quantity of pig manure was the greatest among pig, Korean cattle, cow and chicken manures. Pig manure generated the greatest amounts of BOD in Kangwon-do. Pig manure contained nitrogen, Korean cattle manure contained $K_2O$, and chicken and pig manures contained $P_2O_5$ in great amount. Alternative ratio of livestock manure to crops-fertilizer was 51% for nitrogen, 38% for $K_2O$, and 34% for $P_2O_5$.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.469-473
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• 2013

Livestock manure is a valuable source of nutrients and organic matter for plant. Thus, livestock manure compost is commonly used fertilizer in organic vegetable and fruit production in many countries. However, contaminated or inadequate manure compost can give negative effect to soil microorganisms. This study was conducted to investigate the survival difference of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in chicken and pig manure compost under the selected environmental conditions. Commercially available manure compost (pig, chicken) was inoculated with S. enterica and L. monocytogenes. Manure compost was incubated at $25^{\circ}C$ and consistent moisture content. Samples had been collected during 200 days depending on the given conditions. S. enterica survived for 130 days in pig manure compost and over 200 days in chicken manure compost, respectively. L. monocytogenes persisted for 120 days in pig manure compost and over 200 days in chicken manure compost, respectively. It is noted that the number of S. enterica and L. monocytogenes gradually decreased over time. The results indicate that S. enterica survived longer than L. monocytogenes in manure compost at $25^{\circ}C$. S. enterica and L. monocytogenes survived longer in chicken manure compost than in pig manure compost. Increased knowledge of pathogen behavior in agricultural environments is a valuable part of future work on improving risk evaluations and, in a longer perspective, in providing data for guidelines regarding safe handling of pathogen-contaminated manure compost and soil.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.377-398
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• 2007

The objectives of this thesis were to search for effective methods of the livestock manure management through analysis of the livestock manure management cost and prepare for cuts in greenhouse gases emission by applying CDM in the fields of livestock in 2013. In the situation where most farmhouses are disposing the pig manure by ocean disposal, it is urgent to make an alternative plan since ocean disposal will be prohibited from 2012. Biogasplant is being highlighted from the point that can produce heat and electricity by using methane generated when the manure is disposed, and that can produce barnyard manure and liquid manure. As biogasplant generates energy using methane, it will contribute to decreasing global warming with the effect of greenhouse gases reduction, and trading emission reductions through CDM will result in creating revenue.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.732-739
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• 2009

Pig slurry is a good soil amendment not only because of its high organic matter content, but also because of its ability to provide various nutrients. The objective of this study was to estimate the influence of raw and processed pig slurry application on pot soil over chemical fertilizer and non-amended control soil. Change in the chemical parameters (pH, organic matter (OM), organic carbon (OC), macro and micronutrients) and microbial mass of the treated soils were monitored over 30 to 90 days. Pot soil was treated with the recommended dose of pig slurry and chemical fertilizer, and was sampled after 30, 60 and 90 days of incubation. The least significanct difference (p<0.05) was observed on Fe, Cu, Zn, available P and K between treatments. All treatments increased N, P and K content and microbial mass of soil over control soil. Interestingly, no significant effects were detected on OM, OC, total bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi mass in soil irrespective of treatments given. However fungal and bacterial counts, as well as available nutrients, were found to be higher in processed slurry (PS)-treated soil compared to other soils. In general a significant correlation existed between the fungal count and OM, OC, Zn, T Kjeldahl N (TKN), available P and K of soil. A strong negative correlation was observed between pH and Fe in soil. This study clearly demonstrated that the use of processed manure as a fertilizer could be a key for sustainable livestock agriculture.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.189-196
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• 1999

Anaerobic digestion is a naturally occuring microbial process involving the decomposition of organic materials such as livestock manure. This study explores the effect of the operating conditions, HRT (Hydraulic Retention Time) and feeding frequency on treatment efficiency for digestion of pig slurry, which has been one of most difficult organic waste for proper treatment in livestock production industry in Korea at the present time. The pilot-scale CSTR of 5 m3 in volume was designed. manufactured, and operated at the temperature of 35$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$. The digester was designed to hydraulically stir for complete mixing and to supply heat from the water bath to maintain mesophilic temperature. The HRT of the digester for Test 1 and Test 2, and Test 3 was set for 17 days and 13 days respectively and pig slurry was fed once a day with 300$\ell$ each for Test 1 and Test 3, while twice with 150$\ell$each for Test 2. Test 2 showed better performance by increase of 4% in VS removal efficiency and 5% in biogas production rate. This is mainly attributed to smaller temperature drop by feeding frequently with half amount, which eventually led to lesser impact on anaerobic mocrobes in the digester. Test 2 maintained optimum pH 7.8 which uplifted the activaton of sulfur-reduction bacteria, alkalinity of around 4,000mg/$\ell$, VA of over 3,000mg/$\ell$ for whole period of experiment. Further research may require to provide the practical operation strategy of anaerobic treatment system for treatment of pig slurry.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.151-158
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• 2012

Objectives: Bioaerosols released by treating organic-waste resources cause a variety of environmental and hygiene problems. The objective of this study was to investigate the distribution characteristics of the airborne bacteria emitted from a pig manure composting plant, a principal site for organic-waste resource facilities. Methods: Three types of pig manure composting plant were selected based on fermentation mode: screw type, rotary type and natural-dry type. Each site was visited and investigated on a monthly basis between September 2009 and August 2010. A total of 36 air samplings were obtained from the pig manure composting plants. The air sampling equipment was a six-stage cascade impactor. Quantification and qualification of airborne bacteria in the air samples was performed by agar culture method and identification technique, respectively. Results: The mean concentrations of airborne bacteria in pig manure composting plant were 7,032 (${\pm}1,496$) CFU $m^{-3}$ for screw type, 3,309 (${\pm}1,320$) CFU $m^{-3}$ for rotary type, and 5,580 (${\pm}1,106$) CFU $m^{-3}$ for natural dry type. The screw type pig manure composting plant showed the highest concentration of airborne bacteria, followed by the natural dry type and the rotary type. The ratio of respirable to total airborne bacteria was approximately 40-60%. The predominant genera of airborne bacteria identified were Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichia spp. Conclusion: Monthly levels of airborne bacteria were highest in August and lowest in November regardless of fermentation mode. There was no significant correlation relationship between airborne bacteria and environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity and particulate matters in pig manure composting plants.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.74-85
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• 2015

Recently, the number of anaerobic digestion facility for livestock manure is on the rise in Korea. All of the livestock manure anaerobic digestion facilities in operation use pig manure slurry as a substrate for anaerobic digestion. Generally, pig manure slurry is composed of 97% water and 3% solids. The particulate matter, such as corn in the form of particles that is undigested by pig is contained in the pig manure slurry. Particulate matter is a factor reducing the effectiveness of biogas production in the anaerobic digestion process. In this study, mechanical grinding treatment was applied to analyze the effect of methane production from pig manure slurry by reducing the particle size of the slurry. On the other hand, the effect of the solid concentration levels on methane production and methane content of the biogas was analyzed. The fine particle concentration in the pig manure slurry was increased by the mechanical grinding treatment. And methane production and methane content of the biogas were higher in grinded pig manure slurry than untreated raw slurry.