• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.434-444
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• 2006

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of three different implant surface treatments to the bone formation during osseous healing period under unloading conditions. Machined, double-acid etched and anodic oxidized implants were inserted into tibia of 3.0 - 3.5 kg NZ white male rabbits and 2 animals of each group were sacrificed at 2, 4 and 8 weeks. The specimens containing implant was dehydrated and embedded into hard methylmethacrylate plastic. After grinding to $50{\mu}m$, the specimens were stained with Villanueva bone stain. From each specimen, histomorphometric evaluation and the bone implant contact rate were analysed with optical microscope. The results were as follows; 1. In the scanning electronic microscopic examination, machined surface implant had several shallow and paralleled scratches on plain surface, double acid-etched implant had lots of minute wrinkles, rough valley and also irregularly located craters that looked like waves, anodic oxidized surface implant had porosity that minute holes were wholly distributed on the surface. 2. After 2 weeks of implantation, the percentages of bone-to-implant contact in the machined implant, double acid-etched implant and anodic oxidized implant were 26.85%, 62.64% and 59.82%, after 4 weeks of implantation they were 64.29%, 77.85% and 75.23%, and after 8 weeks they were 82.66%, 85.34% and 86.39%. 3. After 2 weeks of implantation, the percentages of bone area between threads in the machined implant, double acid-etched implant and anodic oxidized implant were 21.55%, 42.81%, and 40.33%, after 4 weeks of implantation they were 49.32%, 62.60% and 75.56%, and after 8 weeks they were 71.62%, 87.73% and 83.94%. In summary, percentages of implant surface contacted to bone trabeculae and bone formation area inside threads in double acid-etched implants and anodic oxidized implants were greater than machined implants in early healing stage. These results suggest that double acid-etched and anodic oxidized surface implants could reduce the healing period for osseointegration and may enable to do early function.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.455-464
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the influence of Steroid topical irrigation and implant surface on bone healing in the irradiated rabbit tibia. Implant to bone contact surface ratio and the pattern of bone healing around hydroxyapatite(HA) coated implant and pure titanium (Ti) implant which were inserted into the irradiated rabbit tibia were compared. 16 Korean house mature male rabbits were used as experimental animal. Each rabbit received 15 Gy of irradiation. 4 weeks after the irradiation, two holes were prepared in the irradiated tibia of each rabbits, where two surface type of implants were inserted :1) HA coated type and 2) pure Ti type. Right before placing implants, one group of rabbit received steroid irrigation and the other group did saline. After the irrigation, two implants of HA coated type and pure Ti type were inserted into the tibia of each rabbits. Each rabbit were sacrificed at 2nd, 4th, and 8th week after the implantation and the specimens were observed by the light microscope. The pattern of bone healing and histomorphometric analysis of the implant-bone interface were done. The results were as follows. 1. All implants inserted into the irradiated tibia of rabbit did not show any sign of clinical mobility and the bone around implants inserted into the irradiated tibia of rabbit did not show any resorption. 2. The bone to implant contact surface ratio around HA coated implants that received steroid irrigation got more bone to implant contact surface ratio than that of the saline irrigation. This result showed statistically significant(p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in 8th week group. 3. Though there was no statistically significant difference HA coated implants had more bone to implant contact surface ratio than pure Ti implant in 2nd and 4th groups, and there was no difference in 8th week group. 4. All implants inserted into the irradiated tibia of rabbit had exhibited successful osseointegraion.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.127-133
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• 2013

Objectives: Infererior alveolar nerve (IAN) damage may be one of the distressing complications occurring during implant placement. Because of nature of closed injury, a large proportion is approached non-invasively. The purpose of this study was to analyze the outcomes of conservative management of the injured nerve during dental implant procedure. Materials and Methods: Sixty-four patients of implant related IAN injury, who were managed by medication or observation from January 1997 to March 2007 at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, were retrospectively investigated. The objective tests and subjective evaluations were performed to evaluate the degree of damage and duration of sensory disturbance recovery. Tests were performed on the day of the first visit and every two months afterward. Patient's initial symptoms, proximity of the implant to the IAN, time interval between implant surgery and the first visit to our clinic, and treatment after implant surgery were analyzed to determine whether these factors affected the final outcomes. Results: Among the 64 patients, 23 had a chief complaint of sensory disturbance and others with dysesthesia. The mean time until first visit to our hospital after the injury was 10.9 months.One year after nerve injury, the sensation was improved in 9 patients, whereas not improved in 38 patients, even 4 patients experienced deterioration. Better prognosis was observed in the group of patients with early visits and with implants placed or managed not too close to the IAN. Conclusion: Nearly 70% of patients with IAN injury during implant placement showed no improvement in sensation or dysesthesia with the conservative management. Earlier decision for active treatment needs to be considered because of possibility of deterioration of symptoms and unsatisfactory recovery.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.406-414
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• 2011

Thermally induced bone necrosis during implant surgery is a rare phenomenon and a potential contributing factor to implant failure. The frictional heat generated at the time of surgery causes a certain degree of necrosis of the surrounding differentiated and undifferentiated cells. The bone necrosis occurred in the mandible in all three cases, leading to a soft tissue lesion and pain. In each case, radiolucent areas appeared in the middle and apical portions of the implant 4 weeks after surgery. Thermally induced bone necrosis did not improve following systemic antibiotic medication, necessitating surgical treatment. The nonintegrated implants were removed, and meticulous debridement of dead bone and granulation tissue was performed. Then, new implants were implanted along with the placement of autogenous and xenogenic bone covered with a collagen membrane. No further complications occurred after re-operation. The radiolucencies around the new implants gradually resolved entirely, and the soft tissue lesions healed successfully. At 4-5 months after reoperation, implant loading was initiated and the implant-supported restorations have been functioning. The aim of this case report is to present the successful clinical treatment of three cases suspected to be caused by thermally induced bone necrosis after implant drilling.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.52-59
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• 2008

The geometric design of an implant surface may play an important role in affecting early osseointegration. It is well known that the porous surfaced implant had much benefits for the osseointegration and the early stability of implant. However, the porous surfaced implant had weakness from the transgingival contamitants, and it resulted in alveolar bone loss. The other problem identified with porous surface implant is the loss of physical properties resulting from the bead sintering process. In this study, we developed the new bead coating implant to overcome the disadvantages of porous surfaced implant. Ti-6Al-4V beads were supplied from STARMET (USA). The beads were prepared by a plasma rotating electrode process (PREP) and had a nearly spherical shape with a diameter of 75-150 ${\mu}m$. Two types of titanium implants were supplied by KJ Meditech (Korea). One is an external hexa system (External type) and the other is an internal system with threads (Internal type). The implants were pasted with beads using polyvinylalcohol solution as a binder, and then sintered at 1250 $^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours in vacuum of $10^{-5}$ torr. The resulting porous structure was 400-500 ${\mu}m$ thick and consisted of three to four bead layers bonded to each other and the implant. The pore size was in the range of 50-150 ${\mu}m$ and the porosity was 30-40 % in volume. The aim of this study was to evaluate the osseointegration of the newly developed dental implant. The experimental implants (n=16) were inserted in the unilateral femur of 4 mongrel dogs. All animals were killed at 8 weeks after implantation, and samples were harvested for hitological examination. All bead coated porous implants were successfully osseointegrated with peripheral bone. The average bone-implant contact ratios were 84.6 % (External type) and 81.5 % (Internal type). In the modified Goldner's trichrome staining, new generated mature bones were observed at the implant interface at 8 weeks after implantation. Although, further studies are required, we could conclude that the newly developed vacuum sintered Ti-6Al-4V bead coating implant was strong enough to resist the implant insertion force, and it was easily osseointegrated with peripheral bone.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.329-338
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• 2006

Objectives: Distraction osteogenesis has recently evolved a challenging technique to overcome the limitations of conventional augmentation procedures. The aim of this report was to evaluate the clinical result of alveolar distraction osteogenesis for implant installation. Methods: Twenty five patients with alveolar ridge deficiencies were treated with vertical alveolar distraction osteogenesis by intraoral device (total 27 devices: 25 extraosseous and 2 intraosseous devices). After the latency periods of 5-7 days, activation of the device was started. The distraction rhythm and rate was 0.75-1.0 mm a day with 2 or 3 times a day. After 3-4 months, dental implants were placed with removing the distractor simultaneously. Results: On average, a vertical gain of $9.8{\pm}3.4\;mm$ was obtained by distraction osteogenesis. Total 84 implants were installed. Average follow up period was $13.5{\pm}7.5$ months. No implant was removed during the follow up period. Three patients showed infection during the distraction osteogenesis. Three devices were broken and 2 devices among them were replaced with new one. Conclusion: Relatively larger amount of alveolar bone augmentation could be obtained with distraction osteogenesis. For the ideal anatomically and functionally ideal regeneration of alveolar bone to install dental implant, the complication of distraction should be controlled.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.48-57
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• 2019

Purpose: To investigate whether there are specific surgical or clinical conditions where the use of autogenous bone (AB) is superior to the use of bone substitutes (BSs) for maxillary sinus floor augmentation (MSFA). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 386 implants after MSFA in 178 patients. The implants were divided into five groups according to the sinus graft material used. Risk factors for implant failure in MSFA, and correlation between residual bone height (RBH) and graft materials in terms of implant survival were investigated. To investigate risk factors for implant failure in MSFA, implant survival according to graft materials, patients' sex/age, surgical site, RBH, healing period prior to prosthetic loading, staged- or simultaneous implantation with MSFA, the crown-to-implant ratio, prosthetic type, implant diameter, and opposite dentition were evaluated. Result: The cumulative 2- and 5-year survival rates of implants placed in the grafted sinus (independent of the graft material used) were 98.7% and 97.3%, respectively. None of the investigated variables were identified as significant risk factors for implant failure. There was also no statistical significance in implant survival between graft materials. Conclusion: There were no specific surgical conditions in which AB was superior to BSs in terms of implant survival after MSFA.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.440-447
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• 2013

PURPOSE. Template-guided implant therapy has developed hand-in-hand with computed tomography (CT) to improve the accuracy of implant surgery and future prosthodontic treatment. In our present study, the accuracy and causative factors for computer-assisted implant surgery were assessed to further validate the stable clinical application of this technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A total of 102 implants in 48 patients were included in this study. Implant surgery was performed with a stereolithographic template. Pre- and post-operative CTs were used to compare the planned and placed implants. Accuracy and related factors were statistically analyzed with the Spearman correlation method and the linear mixed model. Differences were considered to be statistically significant at $P{\leq}.05$. RESULTS. The mean errors of computer-assisted implant surgery were 1.09 mm at the coronal center, 1.56 mm at the apical center, and the axis deviation was $3.80^{\circ}$. The coronal and apical errors of the implants were found to be strongly correlated. The errors developed at the coronal center were magnified at the apical center by the fixture length. The case of anterior edentulous area and longer fixtures affected the accuracy of the implant template. CONCLUSION. The control of errors at the coronal center and stabilization of the anterior part of the template are needed for safe implant surgery and future prosthodontic treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.325-330
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• 2010

Introduction: Mini-implant system is applicable to areas of narrow space and area requiring temporary loading support. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of a mini-implant system as well as the application of mini-implant system in the dental clinical field. Materials and Methods: The patients who had been operated from Jan 2007 to Dec 2007 in the four dental facility including Seoul National University Bundang Hospital were enrolled. To evaluate the factors associated with the clinical outcome, the patients were classified according to gender, age, area of surgery, type of implant, diameter and length of the implant, and the purpose of the mini-implant system application. Results: From 147 implants, only three implants failed, one of them was for temporary loading. There were no serious surgical or prosthetic complications in this study. Conclusion: An analysis of the preliminary data revealed a satisfactory clinical outcome. However, more long-term evaluation of narrow ridge type as well as the patient’s satisfaction on the use of a provisional type mini-implant system is needed.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.281-290
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• 2020

Purpose: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of dental implants positioning errors and their associations with adjacent structures and anatomical variations by means of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: CBCT images of 207 patients (584 dental implants) were evaluated by 2 oral radiologists. The distance between the implant and the adjacent teeth/implants was measured and classified as adequate (≥1.5 mm and ≥3 mm, respectively) or inadequate. The presence of thread exposure, cortical perforation, implant dehiscence, implant penetration into adjacent structures, and anatomical variations was also recorded. The incisor canal diameter and the depth of the concavity of the submandibular fossa were measured in order to evaluate their correlations with the frequency of implant penetration in these structures. Descriptive analyses, the Fisher exact test, and Spearman correlation analysis were performed (α=0.05). Results: The overall prevalence of positioning errors was 82.9%. The most common error was the inadequate distance between the implant and the adjacent teeth/implants. The presence of anatomical variations did not significantly influence the overall prevalence of errors (P>0.05). There was a positive correlation between the diameter of the incisor canal and the frequency of implant penetration in this structure (r=0.232, P<0.05). Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of dental implant positioning errors, and positioning errors were not associated with the presence of anatomical variations. Professionals should be aware of the space available for implant placement during the preoperative planning stage.