• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.18C no.5
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• pp.343-360
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• 2011

The objective of this paper is to analyze and characterize to simulate routing observations on end-to-end routing circuits and a ping experiment of a virtual network after modeling, such as IPv6 migration, an OSPFv3 routing experiment based on an IPv6 environment, and a ping experiment for IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack networks and IPv6 network for OSPFv3 routing using IPv6 planning and operations in an OPNET Modeler. IPv6 deployment based largely on the integrated wired and wireless network was one of the research tasks at hand. The previous studies' researchers recommended that future research work be done on the explicit features of both OSPFv3 and EIGRP protocols in the IPv4/IPv6 environment, and more research should be done to explore how to improve the end-to-end IPv6 performance. Also, most related work was performed with an IPv4 environment but lacked studies related to the OSPFv3 virtual network based on an end-to-end IPv6 environment. Hence, this research continues work in previous studies in analyzing IPv6 migration, an OSPFv3 routing experiment based on IPv6, and a ping experiment for IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack networks and IPv6 network for OSPFv3 routing. In the not too distant future, before enabling the default IPv6, it would help to understand network design and deployment based on an IPv6 environment through IPv6 planning and operations for the end-user perspective such as success or failure of connection on IPv6 migration, exploration of an OSPFv3 routing circuit based on an end-to-end IPv6 environment, and a ping experiment for IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack networks and IPv6 network for OSPFv3 routing. We were able to observe an optimal route for modeling of an end-to-end virtual network through simulation results as well as find what appeared to be a fast ping response time VC server to ensure Internet quality of service better than an HTTP server.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.210-219
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• 2017

This study aimed to establish an optimal extraction process and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-photodiode array (PDA) analytical method for determination of marker compounds, dihydrokaempferol (DHK) and 3-O-methylquercetin (3-MeQ), as a part of materials standardization for the development of health functional foods from stems of Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten (OFS). The quantitative determination method of marker compounds was optimized by HPLC analysis, and the correlation coefficient for the calibration curve showed very good linearity. The HPLC-PDA method was applied successfully to quantification of marker compounds in OFS after validation of the method in terms of linearity, accuracy, and precision. Ethanolic extracts from stems of O. ficus-indica var. saboten (OFSEs) were evaluated by reflux extraction at 70 and $80^{\circ}C$ with 50, 70, and 80% ethanol for 3, 4, 5, and 6 h. Among OFSEs, OFS70E at $80^{\circ}C$ showed the highest contents of DHK and 3-MeQ of $26.42{\pm}0.65$ and $3.88{\pm}0.29mg/OFS100g$, respectively. Furthermore, OFSEs were determined for their antioxidant activities by measuring 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation (LPO) inhibitory activities in rat liver homogenate. OFS70E at $70^{\circ}C$ showed the most potent antioxidant activities with $IC_{50}$ values of $1.19{\pm}0.11$ and $0.89{\pm}0.09mg/mL$ in the DPPH radical scavenging and LPO inhibitory assays, respectively. To identify active components of OFS, various chromatographic separation of OFS70E led to isolation of 11 flavonoids: dihydrokaempferol, dihydroquercetin, 3-O-methylquercetin, quercetin, isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-galactoside, narcissin, kaempferol 7-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, isorhamnetin, and kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside. The results suggest that standardization of DHK in OFSEs using HPLC-PDA analysis would be an acceptable method for the development of health functional foods.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of ventilating system of environmental controlled broiler house on broiler production. Three hundred eighty four broiler chicks (Hubbard, mean live weight of $44.5{\pm}2.0g/bird$) were reared for 2 wk. The results of the present study were summarized as follows : 1. Ammonia gas production was lower in the second and the third floors of cages compared with first floor of cages 13.5 and 13.5 vs 14.6 ppm, respectively). The observations of ammonia production in the morning and afternoon were similar. The production of carbon dioxide was not different between morning and afternoon, but it was tended to decrease in the forth floor of cages due to a fresh air 2. A wind velocity in the enclosed house was similar across lower, middle and upper section (0.57m/sec, 0.22m/sec and 0.04msec, respectively). In order to maintain an optimal air flow velocity in the cages, the duct entrance was punched, and then the air flow was full-round in the overall space in the cage. 3. Daily liveweight gain, feed intakes, and feed efficiency were not significant differences among treatments during whole experimental period (P>0.05). Therefore, the present results showed that temperature, moisture and atmosphere controlling were desirable, and air flew evenly in the cage.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.338-343
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a small animal PET using dual layer phoswich detector to minimize parallax error that degrades spatial resolution at the outer part of field-of-view (FOV). Materials and Methods: A simulation tool GATE (Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission) was used to derive optimal parameters of small PET, and PET was developed employing the parameters. Lutetium Oxyorthosilicate (LSO) and Lutetium-Yttrium Aluminate-Perovskite(LuYAP) was used to construct dual layer phoswitch crystal. $8{\times}8$ arrays of LSO and LuYAP pixels, $2mm{\times}2mm{\times}8mm$ in size, were coupled to a 64-channel position sensitive photomultiplier tube. The system consisted of 16 detector modules arranged to one ring configuration (ring inner diameter 10 cm, FOV of 8 cm). The data from phoswich detector modules were fed into an ADC board in the data acquisition and preprocessing PC via sockets, decoder block, FPGA board, and bus board. These were linked to the master PC that stored the events data on hard disk. Results: In a preliminary test of the system, reconstructed images were obtained by using a pair of detectors and sensitivity and spatial resolution were measured. Spatial resolution was 2.3 mm FWHM and sensitivity was 10.9 $cps/{\mu}Ci$ at the center of FOV. Conclusion: The radioactivity distribution patterns were accurately represented in sinograms and images obtained by PET with a pair of detectors. These preliminary results indicate that it is promising to develop a high performance small animal PET.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.sup
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• pp.7-20
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• 2011

This study was conducted to analyze the mixing ratio of raw feed materials for the methane mitigation and also to identify the minimum rearing density for improving the productivity of beef calves as eco-friendly fodder. Raw materials used in this study for the formulation of feed for methane reduction were crushed corn and alfalfa along with other 21 species. In addition, to investigate the appropriate rearing density, 12 Hanwoo calves with average weight of 150 kg was selected and experiment was conducted for four months. Methane gas emission (Bo) is about 3-4 times less in TMR 4 compared to TMR 1, 2 and 3. Feed price calculated for TMR 4 ration was also affordable. In addition, all TMRs showed a normal ruminal pH. Disappearance rate was observed to be lower in TMR 4 as compared to TMR 1, 2 and 3, but methane production decreased by 24 to 37%. The result showed improved total body weight, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio in rearing low-density ($18m^2/head$), and general treatment ($9m^2/head$) compared to overcrowding treatment ($6m^2/head$). In addition, blood components (total protein, glucose, AST, ALT and GGT factors) involved in health and disease treatments and health-related nutrition metabolism are lower in the low-density and general treatment compared to the high density treatment. Postural development (development of body size) i.e., weight, height and width significantly increased in the low and general density treatment compared to high density treatment. Especially excellent improvement was observed in low-density treatment than the general treatment. Moisture content, colonic bacteria and coccidium are higher in low and high density treatments than in the general treatment. The adequacy for beef rearing density is considered to be more desirable in an area more than $6m^2/head$. In conclusion, present study suggests that possibility of methane reduction through adjusting mixed feed ration. Also, rearing density is also an important factor in the growth and development of beef calves.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.328-336
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• 1999

A green microalga, Chlorella vulgaris UTX 259, was cultivated in a bench-scale raceway pond. During the culture, 15%(v/v) $CO_2$ was supplied and industrial wastewater discharged from a steel-making plant was used as a culture medium. In a small scale culture bottle, the microalga grew up to 1.8 g $dm^{-3}$ of cell concentration and ammonia was completely removed from the wastewater with an yield coefficient of 25.7 g dry cell weight $g^{-1}\;NH_3-N$. During the bottle-culture, microalga was dominant over heterotrophic microorganisms in the culture medium. Therefore, the amount of carbon dioxide fixation could be estimated from the change of dry cell weight. In a semi-continuous operation of raceway pond with intermittent lighting (12 h light and 12 h dark), increase of dilution rate resulted in increase of the ammonia removal rate as well as the $CO_2$ fixation rate but the ammonia removal efficiency decreased. Ammonia was not completely removed from the medium (wastewater) of raceway pond which was operated in a batch mode under a light intensity up to 20 klux. The incomplete removal of ammonia was believed due to insufficient light supply. A mathematical model, capable of predicting experimental data, was developed in order to simulate the performance of the raceway pond under the light intensity of sun during a bright daytime. Simulation results showed that the rates of $CO_2$ fixation and ammonia removal could be enhanced by increasing light intensity. According to the simulation, 80 mg $dm^{-3}$ of ammonia in the medium could be completely removed if the light intensity was over 60 klux with a continuous lighting. Under the optimal operating condition determined by the simulation, the rates of carbon dioxide fixation and ammonia removal in the outdoor operation of raceway pond were estimated as high as $24.7 g m^{-2} day^{-1}$ and $0.52 g NH_3-N m^{-2} day^{-1}$, respectively.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.235-247
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• 2020

Simulation study and validation on 50 L/hr pilot-scale Bunsen process was carried out in order to investigate thermodynamics parameters, suitable reactor type, separator configuration, and the optimal conditions of reactors and separation. Sulfur-Iodine is thermochemical process using iodine and sulfur compounds for producing hydrogen from decomposition of water as net reaction. Understanding in phase separation and reaction of Bunsen Process is crucial since Bunsen Process acts as an intermediate process among three reactions. Electrolyte Non-Random Two-Liquid model is implemented in simulation as thermodynamic model. The simulation results are validated with the thermodynamic parameters and the 50 L/hr pilot-scale experimental data. The SO₂ conversions of PFR and CSTR were compared as varying the temperature and reactor volume in order to investigate suitable type of reactor. Impurities in H₂SO₄ phase and HI_X phase were investigated for 3-phase separator (vapor-liquid-liquid) and two 2-phase separators (vapor-liquid & liquid-liquid) in order to select separation configuration with better performance. The process optimization on reactor and phase separator is carried out to find the operating conditions and feed conditions that can reach the maximum SO₂ conversion and the minimum H₂SO₄ impurities in HI_X phase. For reactor optimization, the maximum 98% SO₂ conversion was obtained with fixed iodine and water inlet flow rate when the diameter and length of PFR reactor are 0.20 m and 7.6m. Inlet water and iodine flow rate is reduced by 17% and 22% to reach the maximum 10% SO₂ conversion with fixed temperature and PFR size (diameter: 3/8", length:3 m). When temperature (121℃) and PFR size (diameter: 0.2, length:7.6 m) are applied to the feed composition optimization, inlet water and iodine flow rate is reduced by 17% and 22% to reach the maximum 10% SO₂ conversion.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.603-610
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• 2008

The principal objective of current study was to evaluate the potential of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) as a non-destructive method for the prediction of the amylose and protein contents of un-hulled and brown rice in broad-based calibration models. The average amylose and protein content of 75 rice accessions were 20.3% and 7.1%, respectively. Additionally, the range of amylose and protein content were 16.6-24.5% and 3.8-9.3%, respectively. In total, 79 rice germplasms representing a wide range of chemical characteristics, variable physical properties, and origins were scanned via NIRS for calibration and validation equations. The un-hulled and brown rice samples evidenced distinctly different patterns in a wavelength range from 1,440 nm to 2,400 nm in the original NIR spectra. The optimal performance calibration model could be obtained by MPLS (modified partial least squares) using the first derivative method (1:4:4:1) for un-hulled rice and the second derivative method (2:4:4:1) for brown rice. The correlation coefficients $(r^2)$ and standard error of calibration (SEC) of protein and amylose contents for the un-hulled rice were 0.86, 2.48, and 0.84, 1.13, respectively. The $r^2$ and SEC of protein and amylose content for brown rice were 0.95, 1.09 and 0.94, 0.42, respectively. The results of this study suggest that the NIRS technique could be utilized as a routine procedure for the quantification of protein and amylose contents in large accessions of un-hulled rice germplasms.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.731-744
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• 2005

Ninety Hanwoo steers(initial BW=167.2$\pm$13.4kg) were used to determine the effect of energy concentrations in concentrates and slaughter age on performance, carcass characteristics. Steers were allotted by BW to one of eighteen pens. Eighteen pens were randomly allotted to a low(70-70-71-72% for the growing, the early, the middle or the late fattening periods), medium(70-71-72-73%) or high(70-72- 73-74%) TDN level of concentrates. Five steers for each treatment of energy level were slaughtered every one month from 26 month of age to 31 month of age. Concentrates was fed restrictedly to achieve a predicted gain of 0.7-0.9kg from growing stage to middle fattening stage. All steers were fed orchard grass(Dactylis glomerata L.) hay as roughage during the growing period, fed rice straw gradually substituted for orchard grass hay during the early fattening period, and fed rice straw only thereafter. Overall body weight and feed intake were not affected by TDN levels of concentrates. Average daily gain for all treatments was higher than 0.9kg/d during the 19-21 month of age and decrease thereafter, but sustained above 0.7kg/d. Mean concentrates intake for all treatments was 1.0-1.3% of live BW during the growing period and 1.5% during the early fattening. Thereafter, it decreased up to 1.4% during the middle fattening and 1.0% during late fattening period. Delay of slaughter end point resulted in a gradual increase of rib-eye area, back fat thickness and marbling score, especially after slaughter age of 29 month there was significant increases(P<0.05). The appearance rate of 1+ and 1 grade related to the slaughter ages was 100% at 29, 30 and 31 months of age, whereas those at 26, 27 and 28 months were 93, 86 and 80%, respectively. Dressing rate was significantly(P<0.05) increased and rate of retailed cut weight significantly(P<0.05) decreased when slaughter age increased. In economic analysis, there was pronounced increase in net income up to 32-46% after slaughter age of 29 months. Under the conditions of this study, high TDN intake is not necessarily required for high quality Hanwoo meat production and slaughter age of 29 month might be the optimum for Hanwoo steers.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.217-223
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• 2008

Amylose and protein contents are important traits determining the edible quality of rice, especially in East Asian countries. Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) has become a powerful tool for rapid and nondestructive quantification of natural compounds in agricultural products. To test the practically of using NIRS for estimation of brown rice amylose and protein contents, the spectral reflectances ($400{\sim}2500\;nm$) of total 9,483 accessions of rice germplasm in Rural development Administration (RDA) Genebank ere obtained and compared to chemically determined amylose and protein content. The protein content of tested 119 accessions ranged from 6.5 to 8.0% and 25 accessions exhibited protein contents between 8.5 to 9.5%. In case of amylose content, all tested accessions ranged from 18.1 to 21.7% and the grade from 18.1 to 19.9% includes most number of accessions as 152 and 4 accessions exhibited amylose content between 20.5 to 21.7%. The optimal performance calibration model could be obtained from original spectra of brown rice using MPLS (Modified Partial Least Squares) with the correlation coefficients ($r_2$) for amylose and protein content were 0.865 and 0.786, respectively. The standard errors of calibration (SEC) exhibited good statistic values: 2.078 and 0.442 for amylose and protein contents, respectively. All these results suggest that NIR spectroscopy may serve as reputable and rapid method for quantification of brown rice protein and amylose contents in large numbers of rice germplasm.