• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
• /
• v.42 no.12
• /
• pp.53-60
• /
• 2005

This work proposes a 10b 100 MS/s $1.4\;mm^2$ CMOS ADC for low-power multimedia applications. The proposed two-step pipeline ADC minimizes chip area and power dissipation at the target resolution and sampling rate. The wide-band SHA employs a gate-bootstrapping circuit to handle both single-ended and differential inputs with 1.2 Vp-p at 10b accuracy while the second-stage flash ADC employs open-loop offset sampling techniques to achieve 6b resolution. A 3-D fully symmetrical layout reduces the capacitor and device mismatch of the first-stage MDAC. The low-noise references are integrated on chip with optional off-chip voltage references. The prototype 10b ADC implemented in a 0.18 um CMOS shows the maximum measured DNL and INL of 0.59 LSB and 0.77 LSB, respectively. The ADC demonstrates the SNDR of 54 dB, the SFDR of 62 dB, and the power dissipation of 56 mW at 100 MS/s.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2016.02a
• /
• pp.154.2-154.2
• /
• 2016

In this work, we introduce a solution-processed CdS interlayer for use in inverted bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells, and compare this material to a series of standard organic and inorganic cathode interlayers. Different combinations of solution-processed CdS, ZnO and conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE) layers were compared as cathode interlayers on ITO substrates to construct inverted solar cells based on $PTB7:PC_{71}BM$ and a $P3HT:PC_{61}BM$ as photoactive layers. Introduction of a CdS interlayer significantly improved the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of inverted $PTB7:PC_{71}BM$ devices from 2.0% to 4.9%, however, this efficiency was still fairly low compared to benchmark ZnO or CPE interlayers due to a low open circuit voltage ($V_{OC}$), stemming from the deep conduction band energy of CdS. The $V_{OC}$ was greatly improved by introducing an interfacial dipole (CPE) layer on top of the CdS layer, yielding outstanding diode characteristics and a PCE of 6.8%. The best performing interlayer, however, was a single CPE layer alone, which yielded a $V_{OC}$ of 0.727 V, a FF of 63.2%, and a PCE of 7.89%. Using $P3HT:PC_{61}BM$ as an active layer, similar trends were observed. Solar cells without the cathode interlayer yielded a PCE of 0.46% with a poor $V_{OC}$ of 0.197 V and FF of 34.3%. In contrast, the use of hybrid ZnO/CPE layer as the cathode interlayer considerably improved the $V_{OC}$ of 0.599 V and FF of 53.3%, resulting the PCE of 2.99%. Our results indicate that the CdS layer yields excellent diode characteristics, however, performs slightly worse than benchmark ZnO and CPE layers in solar cell devices due to parasitic absorption below 550 nm. These results suggest that the hybrid inorganic/organic interlayer materials are promising candidates as cathode interlayers for high efficiency inverted solar cells through the modification of interface contacts.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.38-44
• /
• 2015

This review article summarizes the recent progress of quantum dot (QD)-sensitized solar cells based on mesoporous $TiO_2$ thin films. From the intrinsic characteristics of nanoscale inorganic QDs with various compositions, it was possible to construct a variety of 3rd-generation thin film solar cells by solution process. Depending on preparation methods, colloidal QD sensitizers are pre-prepared for later deposition onto the surface of $TiO_2$ or in-situ deposition of QDs from chemical bath is done for direct growth of QD sensitizers over substrates. Recently, colloidal QD sensitizers have shown an overall power conversion efficiency of ~7% by a very precise control of composition while a representative CdS/CdSe from chemical bath deposition have done ~5% with polysulfide electrolytes. In the near future, it is necessary to carry out systematic investigations for developing new hole-conducting materials and controlling interfaces within the cell, thus leading to an enhancement of both open-circuit voltage and fill factor while keeping the current high value of photocurrents from QDs towards more efficient and stable QD-sensitized solar cells.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.283-287
• /
• 2014

This experiment was conducted to determine methane production and emission factors for a range of roughage diets fed to Hanwoo cows at a level of maintenance energy requirement. Seven cows were fed mixed hay only, 12 cows were fed mixed hay containing 30~50% rice straw and 6 cows were fed a mixed hay diet supplemented with 1.0 kg of wheat bran. Each cow was placed in a metabolic crate for 10 consecutive days, including last 7 days for sampling of feces and urine. At the end of the sampling period, the cows were transferred to an open-circuit respiration chamber for 24 consecutive hours. Methane conversion rate (5.5~6.2%, mean value = 5.8%) and emission factor (33.6~38.6 kg/head/year, mean value = 35.2) were not significantly affected by the diets although the mixed hay only diet resulted in 11 and 15% higher respective rates than the other two. However, in light of the many assumptions that forage with good quality might reduce methane production, additional experiments should be required for participation in the greenhouse gas emission trading system.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.76-81
• /
• 2018

The Internet of Things (IoT), which is emerging as a future economic growth engine, has been actively introduced in areas close to our daily lives. However, there are still IoT security threats that need to be resolved. In particular, with the spread of smart homes and smart cities, an explosive amount of closed-circuit televisions (CCTVs) have been installed. The Internet protocol (IP) information and even port numbers assigned to CCTVs are open to the public via search engines of web portals or on social media platforms, such as Facebook and Twitter; even with simple tools these pieces of information can be easily hacked. For this reason, a big-data analytics system is needed, capable of supporting quick responses against data, that can potentially contain risk factors to security or illegal websites that may cause social problems, by assisting in analyzing data collected by search engines and social media platforms, frequently utilized by Internet users, as well as data on illegal websites.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.133-144
• /
• 1995

One metabolism trial(Experiment I) and another respiration trial(Experiment II) were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary fiber supplementation(20% wheat bran) on the water balance, blood acid-base balance, body temperature, and metabolic rate of heat-stressed adult roosters. In Experiment I, twenty 20-wk-old SCWL roosters(BW 1.6 kg) were randomly alloted to 4 treatments with 5 birds per treatment and one per replicate. The 4 treatments were consisted of two temperature(21~22˚C vs. 34~35˚C) and two dietary fiber treatment(0% and 20% wheat bran), making Experiment I a 2x2 factorial. After 4 d of preliminary period, birds we subjected to 3-d collection period. Sixteen 20-wk-old SCWL roosters(BW 1.6 kg) were employed Experiment H, with two temperature(21~22˚C vs. 34~35˚C) and two wheat bran levels(0% and 20%). Brids were housed in individual metabolism cages under normal temperature(21~22˚C), at fed one of the experimental diet. After 4 d of preliminary period, a respiration trial with open-circuit gravimetric respiratory apparatus was carried out for each bird for 6 h, one by one, normal(20~21˚C) and hot(34~35˚C) temperatures. The ANOVA test and comparisons among treatment means were done at 5% probability level for both experiments. Results obtained from Experiment I and, II were summarized as follows, 1.The amounts of DM intake and excretion were significantly(P<.05) decreased by heat stress. The DM intake was not affected by the addition of 20% wheat bran, however, the amount of DM excretion was significantly increased by the high fiber diet. Thus, the DM metabolizability decreased significantly by the addition of 20% wheat bran. 2. The heat-stressed roosters increased the water intake and excreta moisture content significantly. Although not significant, the water intake tended to increase in roosters fed the 20% wheat bran diet. 3. The amounts of total water input and evaporative water loss were increased significantly by heat stress, and the addition of 20% wheat bran did not exert any influence on the total water input and evaporative water loss. However, roosters fed the 20% wheat bran diet increased the excreta water output significantly. 4. Neither the heat stress nor the dietary fiber did affect the blood pH, pCO2, and HCO$_3$- significantly. 5. The body temperature increased significantly by the heat stress. However, the high fiber deit failed to decrease the body temperature. 6. The heat-stressed roosters decreased the 02 consumption and C0$_2$ production, and increased the evaporative water loss significantly. However, the high fiber diet did not exert any infulence in this regard. It appears that the beneficial effect, if any, of high fibrous diet during heat stress episode may be due to the increased heat loss through the enhanced excreta water.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
• /
• v.9
• /
• pp.63-83
• /
• 1982

Among many open libraries under the rule of the Japanese imperialism, only the railroad library as the character of special library under the control of the Japanese Government General is remarkable for having opened its facilities to outsiders as well as the interior users. This study tries a) To look into what were the colonial background, aim and motive of the establishment of the railroad library under the Japanese rule, b) To analyze its activities and the change of its organization, c) And to find out its vestiges an the effects which it has on our country's library circles. The following are the result: A. The railroad library under the rule of the Japanese imperialism functioned as a public library by the outside book's circulation rather than the interior using. B. The outsiders were qualified to use it only when they got the joint guarantee for the city resident, which means that the o n.0, pportunity of the circulation was not free for the Koreans rather than the Japanese. C. From the aspect of collections, technical books such as natural science, and reference ones tended to be collected, and their whole composition was focused on the materials for the Japan-Korea identification scheme and development of the national spirit as the Japanese empire's subjects. D. In the respect of its organization, all the clerical employees, as well as the chief librarian were composed of the Japanese. Although the Koreans were in principle prohibited from working there, a few of them were employed as guard or servant as the China-Japan War was close to the end. E. The area of the outside book's, circulation service was expanded throughout the whole region along the railroad connecting Pusan with Manchuria. Such a service activity which contained several meanings, was tried by means of culture's books, circuit's books, train's books, hotel's books, mind's development books and reader's reading books etc. F. Such matters as the limitation on book circulating and the quantity of circulation book, the paid circulation and the partial restriction on free circulation mean the wartime system under the rule of the Japanese imperialism and also a n.0, ppeared as a factor of hampering the Koreans from getting accustomed to using library, which has affected them until now. G. The noticeable thing in the service activity is shown in attempting the diversified and positive way of service like free circulation in order to solidify the attitude of the Koreans toward war by organizing mind's development books as well as culture's books with the China-Japan War. H. On the other hand, it can not be passed over that the diversified service activity of the railroad library played a role of bridge in turning of today's library circles of ours to the modernization.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2008.10a
• /
• pp.993-994
• /
• 2008

Electrochromic (EC) devices are capable of reversibly changing their optical properties upon charge injection and extraction induced by the external voltage. The characteristics of the EC device, such as low power consumption, high coloration efficiency, and memory effects under open circuit status, make them suitable for use in a variety of applications including smart windows and electronic papers. Coloration due to reduction or oxidation of redox chromophores can be used for EC devices (e-paper), but the switching time is slow (second level). Recently, with increasing demand for the low cost, lightweight flat panel display with paper-like readability (electronic paper), an EC display technology based on dye-modified $TiO_2$ nanoparticle electrode was developed. A well known organic dye molecule, viologen, was adsorbed on the surface of a mesoporous $TiO_2$ nanoparticle film to form the EC electrode. On the other hand, ZnO is a wide bandgap II-VI semiconductor which has been applied in many fields such as UV lasers, field effect transistors and transparent conductors. The bandgap of the bulk ZnO is about 3.37 eV, which is close to that of the $TiO_2$ (3.4 eV). As a traditional transparent conductor, ZnO has excellent electron transport properties, even in ZnO nanoparticle films. In the past few years, one-dimension (1D) nanostructures of ZnO have attracted extensive research interest. In particular, 1D ZnO nanowires renders much better electron transportation capability by providing a direct conduction path for electron transport and greatly reducing the number of grain boundaries. These unique advantages make ZnO nanowires a promising matrix electrode for EC dye molecule loading. ZnO nanowires grow vertically from the substrate and form a dense array (Fig. 1). The ZnO nanowires show regular hexagonal cross section and the average diameter of the ZnO nanowires is about 100 nm. The cross-section image of the ZnO nanowires array (Fig. 1) indicates that the length of the ZnO nanowires is about $6\;{\mu}m$. From one on/off cycle of the ZnO EC cell (Fig. 2). We can see that, the switching time of a ZnO nanowire electrode EC cell with an active area of $1\;{\times}\;1\;cm^2$ is 170 ms and 142 ms for coloration and bleaching, respectively. The coloration and bleaching time is faster compared to the $TiO_2$ mesoporous EC devices with both coloration and bleaching time of about 250 ms for a device with an active area of $2.5\;cm^2$. With further optimization, it is possible that the response time can reach ten(s) of millisecond, i.e. capable of displaying video. Fig. 3 shows a prototype with two different transmittance states. It can be seen that good contrast was obtained. The retention was at least a few hours for these prototypes. Being an oxide, ZnO is oxidation resistant, i.e. it is more durable for field emission cathode. ZnO nanotetropods were also applied to realize the first prototype triode field emission device, making use of scattered surface-conduction electrons for field emission (Fig. 4). The device has a high efficiency (field emitted electron to total electron ratio) of about 60%. With this high efficiency, we were able to fabricate some prototype displays (Fig. 5 showing some alphanumerical symbols). ZnO tetrapods have four legs, which guarantees that there is one leg always pointing upward, even using screen printing method to fabricate the cathode.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
• /
• v.41 no.10
• /
• pp.109-117
• /
• 2004

In this paper, a K-band local oscillator composed of a VCDRO(Voltage Controlled Dielectric Resonator Oscillator), GaAs MESFET, and Reflector type frequency doubler has been designed and fabricated. TO obtain a good phase noise performance of a VCDRO, a active device was selected with a low noise figure and a low flicker noise MESFET and a dielectric resonator was used for selecting stable and high oscillation frequency. Especially, to have a higher conversion gain than a conventional doubler as well as a good harmonic suppression performance with circuit size reduced a doubler structure was employed as the Reflector type composed of a reflector and a open stub of quarter wave length for rejecting the unwanted harmonics. The measured results of fabricated oscillator show that the output power was 5.8 dBm at center frequency 12.05 GHz and harmonic suppression -37.98 dBc, Phase noise -114 dBc at 100 KHz offset frequency, respectively, and measured results show of fabricated frequency doubler, the output power at 5.8 dBm of input power is 1.755 dBm conversion gain 1.482 dB, harmonic suppression -33.09 dBc, phase noise -98.23 dBc at 100 KHz offset frequency, respectively. This oscillator could be available to a local oscillator in K-band which used frequency doubler techniques.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
• /
• 1993.05a
• /
• pp.79-84
• /
• 1993

This paper describes the development of lithium rechargeable cell. $LiCoO_2$ is recently recognized as a suitable cathode active material of a high voltage, high energy lithium rechargeable batteries because $Li^+$ ion can be electrochemically deintercalated/intercalated from/to $Li_xCoO_2$. The transition metal oxide of $LiCoO_2$ was investigated for using as a cathode active material of 4V class Li rechargeable cell. $LiCoO_2$ cathode was prepared by using a active material of 85 wt%, graphite powder of 12 wt% as a conductor and poly-vinylidene fluoride of 3 wt% as a binder. The electrochemical and charge/discharge properties of $LiCoO_2$ were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge. The open circuit voltage of prepared $LiCoO_2$ electrode exhibited approximately. potential range between 3.32V and 3.42V. During the galvanostatic charge/discharge, $LiCoO_2/Li$ cell showed stable cycling behavior at scan rate of 1mV/sec and potential range between 3.6V and 4.2V. Also its coulombic efficiency as function of cycling was 81%~102%. In this study the $LiCoO_2/Li$ cell showed the available discharge capacity of 90.1 mAh/g at current density of $1mA/cm^2$ and cell discharge voltage range between 3.6V~4.2V.