• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.588-594
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• 2021

SIMON, a lightweight block cipher developed by the US National Security Agency, is a family of block ciphers optimized for hardware implementation. It supports many kinds of standards to operate in various environments. The counter mode of operation is one of the operational modes. It provides to encrypt plaintext which is longer than the original size. The counter mode uses a constant(Nonce) and Counter value as an input value. Since Nonce is the identical for all blocks, so it always has same result when operates with other constant values. With this feature, it is possible to skip some instructions of round function by pre-computation. In general, the input value of SIMON is affected by the counter. However in an 8-bit environment, it is calculated in 8-bit units, so there is a part that can be pre-computed. In this paper, we focus the part that can be pre-calculated, and compare with previous works.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.77-87
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• 2001

This paper describes a design of cryptographic processor that implements the Rijndael cipher algorithm, the Advanced Encryption Standard algorithm. It can execute both encryption and decryption, and supports only 128-bit block and 128-bit keys. As the processor is implemented only one round, it must iterate 11 times to perform an encryption/decryption. We implemented the ByteSub and InvByteSub transformation using the algorithm for minimizing the increase of area which is caused by different encryption and decryption. It could reduce the memory size by half than implementing, with only ROM. We estimate that the cryptographic processor consists of about 15,000 gates, 32K-bit ROM and 1408-bit RAM, and has a throughput of 1.28 Gbps at 110 MHz clock based on Samsung 0.5um CMOS standard cell library. To our knowledge, this offers more reduced memory size compared to previously reported implementations with the same performance.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 2012

A differential fault analysis(DFA) is one of the most important side channel attacks on block ciphers. Most block ciphers, such as DES, AES, ARIA, SEED and so on., have been analysed by this attack. PRESENT is a 64-bit block cipher with 80/128-bit secret keys and has a 31-round SP-network. So far, several DFAs on PRESENT have been proposed. These attacks recovered 80, 128-bit secret keys of PRESENT with 8~64 fault injections. respectively. In this paper, we propose an improved DFA on PRESENT-80/128. Our attack can reduce the complexity of exhaustive search of PRESENT-80(resp. 128) to on average 1.7(resp. $2^{22.3}$) with 2(resp. 3) fault injections, From these results, our attack results are superior to known DFAs on PRESENT.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.3-13
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• 2010

Differential Fault Analysis (DFA) is widely known for one of the most efficient method analyzing block cipher. In this paper, we propose a new type of DFA on DES (Data Encryption Standard). DFA on DES was first introduced by Biham and Shamir, then Rivain recently introduced DFA on DES middle rounds (9-12 round). However previous attacks on DES can only be applied to the encryption process. Meanwhile, we first propose the DFA on DES key-schedule. In this paper, we proposed a more efficient DFA on DES key schedule with random fault. The proposed DFA method retrieves the key using a more practical fault model and requires fewer faults than the previous DFA on DES.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.42-53
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• 2022

Objectives: The definition of Sanhupung (Puerperal wind disorder) has been varied and there has been a prior study to establish the definition, but no clear conclusion has been reached on diagnostic criteria. Therefore, the aim of this study was to clearly redefine the definition of Sanhupung using the Delphi method. Methods: This study used the Delphi technique. A panel consisting of 13 experts of Korean medicine, particularly in Obstetrics & Gynecology, participated in the Delphi survey that included answering the 3rd round survey. The Delphi survey was conducted by evaluating and correcting the questionnaire using e-mail. Results: Through the Delphi survey, we have reached an agreement regarding the diagnostic criteria of Sanhupung. They are as follows: 1) Sanhupung can be diagnosed based on basic symptoms. If one or more symptoms are expressed in the basic symptom group, it can be diagnosed as Sanhupung. It is diagnosed in detail as a pain type or a sensory impairment type according to the category of basic symptoms. 2) Incidental symptoms are not essential for diagnosis, and are referred to for checking general weakness and autonomic nervous system conditions. 3) In order to meet the diagnostic criteria, the symptoms should occur within 6 months after childbirth or miscarriage, and the cause of the symptoms should not be classified as other diseases. Conclusions: The diagnostic criteria of Sanhupung were suggested based on the Delphi survey among experts in the field. Further research is necessary to improve the reliability and validity of the criteria.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.131-140
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• 2023

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to find out which shoulder abduction angle among the three representative angles of lower trapezius strengthening exercises most effectively improves rounded shoulder posture. Methods : Thirty-one people with rounded shoulders, the subjects of this study, were selected. With the use of a random number table, group A was randomly assigned to a Y-type exercise, group B to a T-type exercise, and group C to an MPC exercise. In the prone position, both arms are abducted at the angles suggested for each group (145 °, 90 °, and 45 °, respectively), and the hands are holding dumbbells to assume a functional posture. With the start signal, the thumb raised the arm to the sky and the arm is raised to the level of the ear for 10 seconds and then returned to the original position. Each week, the strength required was increased by changing the resistance weight, number of times, and set, and the exercise was performed three times a week for a total of four weeks. Results : There was a significant difference in the change in shoulder height of each group after four weeks of exercise in comparison to the amount of change in height before and after exercise in all groups (p<.05). However, no significant difference was observed between all groups in the change in muscle activity of the lower trapezius muscle in each group following four weeks of exercise (p>.05). Conclusion : The results of this study showed that the three lower trapezius strengthening exercises have a positive effect on the improvement of rounded shoulders. In consideration of these results, it is therefore proposed that the various lower trapezius strengthening exercises be applied in parallel during physical therapy for patients with rounded shoulders in clinical practice.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.1-6
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• 2023

One of the economical ways to satisfy the quality of service desired by the user in a web service environment is to adjust the size of the object. To this end, this study finds the maximum size of objects that satisfy this constraint when the mean response time is given below an arbitrary threshold for quality of service. It can be inferred that in the steady state of system, the mean response time in the deterministic model by using the round-robin will be the same as that of the queueing model following the general distribution. Based on this, analytical formulas and procedures for finding the maximum object size are obtained. As a service distribution of web traffic, the Pareto distribution is appropriate, so the maximum object size is computed by applying the M/G(Pareto)/1 model and the M/G/1/PS model using exponential distribution as computational experience. Performance evaluation through numerical calculation shows that as the shape parameter in the Pareto distribution increases, the M/G(Pareto)/1 model and M/G/1/PS model have the same maximum object size. The results of this study can be used to environments where objects can be sized for economical web service control.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.217-224
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• 2016

In this study, performance of a developed automatic punching machine considering the planting density of soybeans was evaluated in the case of the operation speed of 0.18-0.28 m/s. The performance demonstrated a rate of 320-500 ㎡/h, 260-400 ㎡/h, and 210-330 ㎡/h for the 0.20 m, 0.25 m, and 0.30 m soybean planting density, respectively. One hundred percent punching capacity was confirmed in 30 mm distance between the ground and the blade. Additionally, in the 50 mm distance condition, the performance of round, square, and hexagonal blades were observed in the range of 16.7-25.2%, 33.0-42.3%, and 54.5-100.0%, respectively. Above all, the hexagonal blade with a 60° edge angle had the most superior cutting quality demonstrating a smooth and soft cutting plane of the plastic.

• Journal of Naturopathy
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.88-92
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to study the efficacy of qigong therapy for various illnesses. Methods: Healing of a variety of patients and people connected to a hospital at the East-West Medical Hospital in Vienna, Austria, was carried out. A total of 38 healers healed from 1,131 people in a total of 3 times in the hospital, and the evaluation of healing efficiency conducted by 134 physician evaluation teams in the hospital itself. Results: In 2002, 80% of the patients had a "good" healing efficiency for 96 patients treated at the first session in the hospital. In the second round of 2004, the satisfaction rate of healing efficiency was over 75%. In the third session in 2006, 71.6% were satisfied with the satisfaction level of "Good," and 1,131 people evaluated with an average of 75.5%. This result suggests that qigong healing is very efficient. Conclusions: The average healing efficiency of soojung qigong for various diseases was 75.5% or higher, indicating that qigong is one of the best natural healing therapies.

• International Journal of Stem Cells
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.217-226
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• 2022

Background and Objectives: Stroke is the most common cause of human death and functional disability, resulting in more than 5 million deaths worldwide each year. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are a kind of stem cell that are able to self-renew and differentiate into many types of tissues. Therefore, BMSCs have the potential to replace damaged neurons and promote the reconstruction of nerve conduction pathways and connective tissue. However, it remains unknown whether transplanted BMSCs promote angiogenesis or improve the tissue microenvironment directly or indirectly through paracrine interactions. This study aimed to determine the therapeutic effect of BMSCs on ischemic stroke with hypertension in a rodent model and to explore the possible mechanisms underlying any benefits. Methods and Results: Middle cerebral artery occlusion was used to establish the experimental stroke model. The area of cerebral infarction, expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and increment of astrocyte were measured by TTC staining, western blot, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunocytochemistry. The results showed a smaller area of cerebral infarction and improved neurological function scores in animals treated with BMSCs compared to controls. The results of RT-qPCR and western blot assays showed higher expression of VEGF and GDNF in BMSC-treated animals compared with controls. Our study also showed that one round of BMSCs transplantation significantly promoted the proliferation of subventricular zone and cortical cells, especially astrocytes, on the ischemic side following cerebral ischemia. Conclusions: Above findings support that BMSCs have therapeutic effects for ischemic stroke complicated with hypertension, which may occur via up-regulated expression of VEGF and GDNF and reduction of neuronal apoptosis, thereby promoting the recovery of nerve function.