• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.21-30
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• 2003

Seasonal fluctuations of physico-chemical and biological aspects of the environment were studied in Vladivostok harbour (Golden Horn Bay, the East Sea/Sea of Japan). The benthic community structure was described with a focus on size-spectra (bacteria, meio- and macrofauna) related with the chemical environment and chemical fluxes in sediment and to reveal their possible ecological role in the process of bioremediation of the environment. Samples from two sites with different concentrations of heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn, Cr, Ni Cd, Co) and petroleum hydrocarbon were assessed by a number of methods. These included plate counts of culturable bacteria, observation through a scanning electron (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). These approaches were complemented with microscopic assessments of the diversity of the benthic community. The specific communities had a limited number of species, tolerant to abnormally high levels of toxic compounds. The dominant species were presented by several sho.1-lived small polychaetes (Capitella capitata) and nematodes (Oncholaimium ramosum). The highest population density was recorded in microbenthos, in various diatoms, various physiological groups of bacteria which participate in biomineralization: marine heterotrophic bacteria, which oxidized oil, black oil in addition to groups resistant to heavy metals. They have the entire set of mechanisms for neutralizing the negative effect of those compounds, forming the detrital food web and biogeochemical circulation of material in sediments, which results in the biological self-recycling of sea basins. Macro- and meiobenthic organisms were more sensitive to a greater extent of $H_2S$ and petroleum hydrocarbons than to metal content, but the within-site rankings were the same as those achieved for microbiological analyses.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.11-22
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• 2000

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) have known as potentially hazardous air pollutants(HAPs0 to human health because of its carcinogenic and mutagenic behaviors. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of 6 PAHs(Fluoranthene, Pyrene, Benzo[a]anthracene, Chrysene, Benzo[b]fluoranthene, and Benzo[a]pyrene) as well as 10 inorganic elements(Cr, Na, K, Zn, Pb, Fe, Cu, Ti, Al and Cd) in the ambient PM-10. The total of 115 samples had been collected from February, 1996 to June, 1996 on quartz fiber by a PM-10 high volume air sampler near the Yong-Tong Apartment complexes. A statistical analysis was performed for the PAHs and inorganic elements data set using a principal component analysis in order to identify qualitatively the potential sources of PM-10. A total of 6 principal components were separated by intensive data pretrement and transformation processes, such as soil, refuse incineration, oil burning, coal burning, field burning, vehicle emission sources. The results showed that PAHs were associated with various burning activities like refuse and field burning, coal burning, and oil burning emissions in the study area. These derived sources were well matched with the previously known source profiles in terms of compositonal order and level of measured species. The combination data set consisted of both organic and inorganic species might provide more powerful source signature and might increase the number of potentially derived sources than PAHs or inorganic data alone.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.462-465
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• 2006

In order to extend the shelf life of sliced raw flatfish, the antimicrobial effects of natural essential oil from mustard and a mixture of ginger and mustard essential oils were tested at various temperatures. In addition, volatile components of the mixed essential oils were analyzed using gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The viable cell counts of Vibrio parahaemolyticus treated with mixed essential oils from ginger and mustard was 0.7-1.3 log CFU/g lower than those of other treatments during storage at $5^{\circ}C$. During storage at $20^{\circ}C$, the viable cell counts of V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus 01, and V. vulnificus 02 treated with the essential oils increased slightly from 6.53-6.64 log CFU/g at initial stages to 6.77-7.72 log CFU/g after 24-hr of storage, however they were 1.38-1.97 log CFU/g lower than those of the control group (8.74-9.10 log CFU/g). These results show that the growth of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus inoculated on sliced raw flatfish could be inhibited by treatment with natural essential oils from ginger and mustard at $5^{\circ}C$ of storage. However, the antibacterial effects of the essential oils on Vibrio species observed in this study were not sufficient to merit their use in sliced raw flatfish at temperatures exceeding $20^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.209-217
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• 2010

The volatile aroma of fresh leaves is one of main factor in taste of all the edible green plants. The volatile aroma in almost edible green leaves are suggested as essential oil compounds. Ligularia fischeri, Synurus deltoides, Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis and Aster scaber are one of the favourable edible green plants in Korea. In this study, volatile aroma compounds from Ligularia fischeri and Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis species were analyzed by the SPME/GC/MSD method. Ligularia fischeri had 78 volatile aroma compounds such as D-limonene(20.28%), ${\alpha}$-pinene(dextro, 14.15%), L-${\beta}$-pinene(12.85%), 3-carene, ${\beta}$-cubebene(10.39%), etc. Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis had 83 volatile aroma compounds such as D-limonene(36.97%), ${\beta}$-cubebene(13.95%), L-${\beta}$-pinene(13.38%), ${\alpha}$-pinene(dextro, 4.76%), caryophylle-ne(3.33%) etc. Conclusively, the commom volatile aroma compounds in Ligularia fischeri and Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis leaves were D-limonene, ${\alpha}$-pinene, L-${\beta}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-cubebene, Caryophyllene, ${\alpha}$-farnesene, terpinolen. However, the composition and amount of volatile aroma compounds were very different between the two species.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권7호
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• pp.1120-1129
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• 2023

Objective: This study aimed to determine the protective efficacy of Buddha's Temple (BT) extract against tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced oxidative stress in Gallus gallus chicken embryo fibroblast cell line (DF-1) and its effects on the cell lipid metabolism. Methods: In this experimental study, Gallus gallus DF-1 fibroblast cells were pretreated with BT 10^-7 for 24 hours, followed by their six-hour exposure to t-BHP (100 μM). Water-soluble tetrazolium salt-8 (WST-8) assays were performed, and the growth curve was computed. The intracellular gene expression changes caused by BT extract were confirmed through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Flow cytometry, oil red O staining experiment, and thin-layer chromatography were performed for the detection of intracellular metabolic mechanism changes. Results: The WST-8 assay results showed that the BT pretreatment of Gallus gallus DF-1 fibroblast cell increased their cell survival rate by 1.08%±0.04%, decreased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level by 0.93%±0.12% even after exposure to oxidants, and stabilized mitochondrial activity by 1.37%±0.36%. In addition, qPCR results confirmed that the gene expression levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), TIR domain-containing adapter inducing IFN-beta (TICAM1), and glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) were regulated, which contributed to cell stabilization. Thin-layer chromatography and oil red O analyses showed a clear decrease in the contents of lipid metabolites such as triacylglycerol and free fatty acids. Conclusion: In this study, we confirmed that the examined BT extract exerted selective protective effects on Gallus gallus DF-1 fibroblast cells against cell damage caused by t-BHP, which is a strong oxidative inducer. Furthermore, we established that this extract significantly reduced the intracellular ROS accumulation due to oxidative stress, which contributes to an increase in poultry production and higher incomes.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.376-382
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• 2012

식물추출물 함유(마늘추출액, 잔톡실럼오일, 레몬그라스오일 30%) 유제의 물벼룩급성독성 결과 마늘추출액 함유 30% 유제의 $EC_{50}$은 $3.3mg\;L^{-1}$로 EPA 기준으로 보통독성정도이었고, 레몬그라스오일, 잔톡실럼(Zanthoxylum)오일 함유 30% 유제의 $EC_{50}$는 $10mg\;L^{-1}$ 이상으로 저독성이었다. 송사리급성독성 시험의 경우, 마늘추출액 함유 30% 유제의 $LC_{50}$ 값이 $3.0mg\;L^{-1}$으로 나타났으며 나머지 두 유제는 모두 $10mg\;L^{-1}$ 이상으로 확인되었다. 꿀벌급성독성시험은 접촉과 섭식 시험으로 나누어서 실시하였고, 접촉독성의 경우 모두 100 a.i ${\mu}g\;bee^{-1}$ 이상으로 확인되었다. 섭식독성의 경우 마늘추출액 함유 30% 유제의 $LD_{50}$ 값이 44.3 a.i ${\mu}g\;bee^{-1}$ 이었으며 잔톡실럼(Zanthoxylum)오일과 레몬그라스오일 함유 30% 유제의 경우 $LD_{50}$ 값이 100 a.i ${\mu}g\;bee^{-1}$ 이상으로 나타나 독성이 낮은 것으로 판단되었다. 지렁이급성독성시험의 경우, 마늘추출액, 잔톡실럼(Zanthoxylum)오일, 레몬그라스오일 함유 30% 유제의 $LC_{50}$ 값이 각각 267, 592, $430mg\;kg^{-1}$ 로 나타났는데 이는 제품살포물량을 확정한 뒤 환경추정농도를 이용한 위해성평가를 통해 안전성을 확보한다면 친환경 농자재로서 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단하였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.470-478
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• 2009

미강유, 팜스테아린 및 고올레인산 해바라기씨유의 효소적 interesterification을 통하여 저트랜스 유지를 합성하였고, 합성 시 Thermomyces lanuginose로부터 획득된 TLIM 효소를 이용하였다. 반응 기질의 비율에 따라 합성된 저트랜스 유지의 solid fat content(SFC)를 살펴본 결과, 전체적으로 고올레인산 해바라기씨유의 비율이 높아질수록 각 온도에 해당하는 SFC는 감소하는 경향을 보인 반면, 팜스테아린의 비율이 높아질수록 SFC는 증가하는 경향을 보였다. DSC를 통한 흡열 및 발열 곡선 분석결과, 팜스테아린의 함량이 높아질수록 피크가 높은 온도 쪽으로 이동하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 저트랜스 유지의 지방산 조성을 살펴본 결과, palmitic acid(C16:0), oleic acid(C18:1), linoleic acid(C18:2)가 주요 지방산들로써 전체 지방산 조성의 90% 이상을 차지하고 있었고, 총 트랜스지방산은 비율별로 0.5 area%의 수치를 보이며, 1% 미만의 낮은 함량을 보였다. Triacylglycerol (TAG) 조성을 reverse-phase HPLC를 이용하여 분석한 결과, 주요 TAG 조성은 OOL, PLO, PLP, OOO, POO, POP, POS 등으로 측정되었으며, 그 중 PLO와 POO 및 POP가 전체 조성의 50% 이상을 차지하였다. 한편, 여러 비율별로 합성된 저트랜스 유지의 총 tocopherol은 $6.94{\sim}11.83$ mg/100 g의 함량을 보였고, oryzanol은 $0.18{\sim}0.49$ mg/100 g의 함량을 보였으며, phytosterol 함량은 전체적으로 $182.48{\sim}269.07$ mg/100 g 사이의 다양한 수치를 나타내었다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2021

본 연구는 개똥쑥(Artemisia annua L., AA), 유자(Citrus junos Sieb. ex TANAKA, CJ), 산국화(Chrysanthemum boreale Makino, CB), 잣나무(Pinus koraiensis, PK), 금강송(Pinus densiflora for. erecta, PD) 총 5 종의 자생식물 essential oil의 항 아토피 효능을 확인하기 위한 실험이다. 항균 효과를 확인하기 위해 자생식물 essential oil 5 종을 Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans 총 4 종류의 균에 처리했다. 항염증 효과를 확인하기 위해 TNF-α와 IFN-γ (TI)를 처리한 HaCaT 세포에 5 종의 자생식물 essential oil을 처리했다. AA, CJ, CB, PK, PD은 10 mg/mL 농도에서 Candida albicans에 대한 항균 효과를 나타냈다. AA (1 ㎍/mL), CB (1 ㎍/mL), PK (0.1, 1 ㎍/mL)에서 thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) 생성량이 억제되었고, AA 및 PK (1 ㎍/mL)에서 macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) 생성량이 억제되었으며, AA (0.1, 1 ㎍/mL), PK (0.1, 1 ㎍/mL)에서 IL-6 생성량이 억제되었다. AA, CB, PK essential oil의 항균 및 항염증 효과가 확인되었으며, 이에 아토피 피부염 완화에 기여할 수 있음을 기대한다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.77-86
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare permeation characteristics in three skin types using oil-soluble benzoic acid and water-soluble caffeine after method condition optimization based on OECD guideline 428. Methods: A Franz diffusion cell, a reliable alternative method for skin permeation, was used. One-milliliter samples were taken and immediately replaced with fresh solution in the receptor chamber at regular time intervals (1, 2, 4, 7, 10 and 24 hr). The amount of test substances was measured by LC-MS/MS. Results: The permeation rate increased dose-dependently, and the permeation orders were $KeraSkin^{TM}$ > hairless mouse full skin > human cadaver epidermis for skin types, and benzoic acid solution > caffeine solution > benzoic acid cream > caffeine cream for type of test materials. Conclusion: According to the definitions of Marzulli, benzoic acid and caffeine would be classified as 'fast' and 'moderate' compared with the permeation of other chemical species. The setting conditions and permeation characteristics performed in this study are expected to contribute to future permeation studies.

• 약학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.312-316
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• 2005

To develop a new natural antibiotics from Koran plant resources for dealing with the current situation regarding the rapid increase in antibiotic-resistant pathogen, the in vitro inhibitory activities of essential oils from the young leaves of Glehnia littoralis (Umbelliferae) as well as its main constituents were evaluated against susceptible and resistant species of Streptococcus pneumoniae. The essential oil fraction of G. littoralis and its main components, $\alpha-and\;\beta-pinene$, exhibited significant inhibitory activities against the antibiotic-susceptible and resistant strains of S. pneumoniae, with MICs (minimum inhibiting concentrations) ranging from 4.0mg/ml to 16mg/ml. No remarkable differences were shown between the susceptible and resistant strains. Moreover, the disk diffusion test disclosed that these inhibitory activities were dose­dependent. Furthermore, data from the checkerboard titer test with FICIs (fractional inhibiting concentration indices) from 0.15 to 0.28 indicated synergisms between norfloxacin and $\alpha-or\;{\beta}-pinene$ in activity against S. pneumoniae KCCM49629 and S. pneumoniae CCARM4059.