• 디자인학연구
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.43-54
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• 2004

문화재의 이해는 당시 사회상의 이해와도 밀접한 상관관계가 있는 것으로 우리 문화의 올바른 이해를 위해 필수적이다. 따라서 이러한 소중한 문화재를 안전하게 보호ㆍ관리하여 후손에게 길이 물려주는 일은 가장 중요한 국가적 과업의 하나이며, 국민의 문화의식 제고와 민족문화의 창조적 발전을 위해서 그 무엇보다 먼저 지키고 보호해야 할 중요한 과제가 아닐 수 없다. 이러한 이유로 1962년 ‘문화재보호법’ 이 제정되어 지금까지 우리나라의 문화재보호정책은 많은 전통문화유산을 계승ㆍ발전시키는데 큰 몫을 다하고 있다. 특히 문화재보호법 중 ‘문화재보호구역’ 은 보다 적극적으로 문화재와 문화재주변의 역사적 문화환경권을 보호할 수 있는 중요한 법적 요소로 작용하고 있다. 그러나 그와는 반대로 해당 문화재 특히, 매장문화재의 발견과 문화보호구역으로 지정된 지역의 주민들은 해당지역에 적용되는 문화재보호법으로 인해 주변 사유지에 대한 재산행사에 많은 어려움을 겪게 됨은 물론 지역 경제발전에도 많은 제약이 가해지고 있는 실정이다. 이제까지 경제논리에 맞는 국토개발과 전통문화유산의 보호는 항상 정책논리에 의해 충돌하여 왔고 그 대립은 지역주민의 많은 피해와 경제적 손실을 주고 있는 것이 사실이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 문화재보호구역 내 공공시설인 폐교의 리노베이션(renovation)을 통해 매장문화재 보호의 적절한 방법ㆍ전시공간계획 및 전시매체ㆍ부대시설을 제안함으로써, 부동산문화재(매장문화재)를 보호함과 동시에 주변 거주자들의 문화적 ㆍ경제적 혜택 증대를 위한 실증적 대안을 제시하고자 한다.세스를 모색한다. 즉, 이용자의 관찰을 통해 공간 행태의 본질과 행위체계를 분석하고, 이를 공간디자인 프로그램에 반영하여 조형언어로 발전된다면 인간과 환경에 대한 새로운 디자인 프로세스가 나타날 수 있다. 결론적으로, 이용자의 행위와 심리를 디자인에 반영함으로써, 물리적 데이터에 근거한 기존의 공공공간 디자인과는 달리, 인간 삶의 질적 향상을 지향하고 보다 인간 중심적인 디자인이 창출될 수 있다.하게 될 것이다이다.e design stresses and actual stresses are estimated.간공학적 실내 설계 및 부속실의 편의성 도모, 외관통합 색채디자인 등을 통해 한국 고유형 고속전철 차량 디자인을 개발하였다.원형이자 조형기호로 상징적 체계와 미의식이 반영되어 있는 것이다. 현대적 구현과 계승이라는 측면에서 한국문양에 대한 새로운 이해와 분석을 토대로 한 정보자료화ㆍ디지털 컨텐츠화 작업은 독창적인 디자인 표현양식과 모티브의 발굴ㆍ정리일 뿐만 아니라 다양한 미디어로 승부하는 작금의 문화경쟁시대를 대비하는 하나의 노력이 될 것이다.>${\ulcorner}$바우하우스의 구성교육${\lrcorner}$ 과 일치하였다. 더욱이, 조선의 ${\ulcorner}$구성교육${\lrcorner}$이 조선총독부의 관리하에서 실행되었다는 것을, 당시의 사범학교를 중심으로 한 교육조직을 기술한 문헌에 의해 규명시켰다.nd of letter design which represents -natural objects

• 에너지공학
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.191-202
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• 2009

2005년 2월 교토의정서가 효력을 발휘하게 됨에 따라 우리나라는 세계 10위의 이산화탄소 배출국으로서 2013년 이후에는 감축의무를 지어야 할 실정이다. 특히 온실가스 배출량의 약 30%가 발전부문에 의한 것이므로 전환부문의 에너지 소비 저감은 매우 중요하다. 이에 정부는 온실가스 감축환경에 대응하기 위하여 "제1차 국가에너지기본계획"을 발표하여 원전설비를 2030년까지 최대 41%까지 확대하고, 신재생에너지보급률 또한 11%로 높이겠다는 목표를 내세웠다. 이에 근거하여 원자력과 신재생에너지발전설비를 확대하였을 경우 온실가스 저감 잠재량과 그 유효성을 LEAP(Long-range Energy Alternative Planing system)을 이용하여 정량적으로 분석하였다. 분석결과 2030년 기준으로 총 $CO_2$ 발생 저감률은 28.8% 였다. 또한 BAU 시나리오 발전량을 토대로 하였을 때 유연탄발전 $0.85\;kgCO_2/kWh$, LNG발전 $0.51\;kgCO_2/kWh$의 단위 발전량당 온실가스 배출량을 보였다. 따라서 기존설비를 대체할 시, 유연탄발전을 대체할 경우에 온실가스 저감 효과가 크다는 결론을 보였다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.17-31
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• 1982

A physician assumes toward his patient the obligation to use such reasonable care and skill as is commonly possessed and exercised by physicians in the same general line of practice in the same or similar localities and to use his best judgment at the times. Medical disputes between physicians and patients are, ever more increased in these days as human body, happens to cause a variety of changes in body unlike the function of machine. Such increased trends of medical disputes became a problem in common across the word under the influence of affluent living standard, high consciousness of life value and right by today's people. The aim of this dissertation is oriented to forming a physician's responsibilities in medicalcare accidents arising between physicians and patients. A general physician, for example, has not been negligent merely because, a specialist might have treated the patient with greater skill and knowledge. However, the fact that a physician may have acted to the best of his ability will not avoid legal problems for damages resulting from substandard treatment, that is the degree of care and skill which is to be expected of the ordinary practitioner in his field of practice. The duty of a physician who is, or holds himself out to be, a specialist is greater in the field of his specialty than one who is a general physician. A patient's consent to routine medical procedures is implied from the fact that patient comes to the physician with a medical problem and voluntarily submits to the procedures. For the more serious medical procedures and for major operations, however, it is preferable for the physician to have the patient's consent in writing, to facilitate proof of the consent in the event of a dispute or litigation. Suppose that mistakes on the part of physicians are likely to be blamed in all cases of malpractice. Then it will create a sort of shrinkage in activities of medical treatment. There should be some limitation on excessive application of 'The thing speaks for itself' on mistakes by physicians and availablity of cause and effect. It is a matter of complicity as well as a matter of importance to draw a definite boundary on responsibilities of physician. A series of further research on this particular aspect is strongly urged.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.33-42
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• 2010

선박 부문의 경우 UNFCCC에서는 국제해사기구(IMO)를 통해 공해를 운항하는 국제선박의 배출량 산정 및 저감방안에 대하여 논의를 위임하였으며, 이에 IMO에서는 신조선 에너지효율 설계지수 및 현존선 에너지효율 운항지수와 같은 기술적 운항적 측면과 선박에너지효율관리계획서 작성 그리고, $CO_2$ 배출권거래제, 탄소세, 온실가스 펀드 등의 시장 접근적 측면에서 다양한 의견이 제시되고 있다. IMO 보고서(2009)에 의하면 선박에 의한 이산화탄소 배출량은 1,046백만 톤으로 전세계 이산화탄소 배출량에 3.3%에 해당하는 것으로 나타났으며, 이중 국제 운항선박에 의한 이산화탄소 배출량은 870백만 톤으로 2.7%에 해당하는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 본 연구에서는 연료 수급량을 기본으로 한 Tier 1 방법으로 선박에 의한 온실가스 배출량을 산정하였으며, 국내 배출 및 국제 배출을 구분하였다. 2009년 기준 어선, 국적 연안선, 국적 외항선, 외국적선을 포함한 선박에 의한 온실가스 배출량 산정결과 31,646천톤 $CO_2$-eq/년으로 나타났으며, 국적선에 의한 국내 및 국제 배출은 각각 5,398천톤 $CO_2$-eq/년, 7,630천톤 $CO_2$-eq/년 그리고 외국적선에 의한 국제 배출량은 18,618천톤 $CO_2$-eq/년으로 나타났다.

• 토지주택연구
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2017

The BIM design is expected to expand to the domestic and overseas construction industries, depending on the effect of construction productivity and quality improvement. However, with the obligation of Public Procurement Service to design the BIM design, it includes a design error and the problem of utilization of 3D design by choosing a simple 2D to 3D remodelling method that can not be modelled in 3D modeling or use of the construction and maintenance phases. The results reviewed by BIM design results were largely underutilized and were not even performed with the verification of the error. In order to resolve this, one must develop the check system that secures the quality of BIM design and ensure that the reliability of BIM results are available. In this study, it is designed to develop a program that can automatically verify the design of the BIM design results such as violation of the rules of the BIM design, design flaws, and improve the usability of the BIM design. In particular, this programs were developed not only to identify programmes that were not commercially available, but also to validate drawings in low-light computer environments. The developed program(LH-BIM) store the information of attribute extracted from the Revit file(ArchiCAD, IFC file included) in the integrated DB. This provides the ability to freely lookup the features and properties of drawings delivered exclusively by the LH-BIM Program without using the Revit tools. By doing so, it was possible to resolve the difficulties of using traditional commercial programs and to ensure that they operate only with traditional PC performance. Further, the results of the various BIM software can be readily validated, which can be solved the conversion process error of IFC in the case of SMC. Additionally, the developed program has the ability to automatically check the error and design criteria of the drawings, as well as the ability to calculate the area estimation. These functions allow businesses to apply simple and easy tasks to operate tasks of BIM modelling. The developed system(LH-BIM) carried out a verification test by reviewing the review of the BIM Design model of the Korea Land & Housing Corporation. It is hoped that the verification system will not only be able to achieve the Quality of BIM design, but also contribute to the expansion of BIM and future construction BIM.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.181-192
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• 2001

The purpose of this was to evaluate the level of knowledge about Hepatitis B and AIDS among dental hygiene students at six dental hygiene educational programs in nationwide, compare the findings to those of Song's study. 1703 dental hygiene students surveyed by mail and answered a questionnaire, using the questionnaire used developed by DiClemente el al., on Hepatitis B vaccination, antibody production, experience of unintentional needle stick injuries, experience of surgical operation and blood transfusion, personal risk factors for HBV and HIV, management of HBV and HIV postexposure management et al. The data indicated that dental hygiene students (79.0%) in this study had more HIV vaccination than dental hygiene(74.3%) in Song's study. As for recognition of antibody production after Hepatitis B vaccination, only 34.6% of respondents answered they knew having antibody production and 95% of respondents knew not having antibody production. Over one-half of the respondents (55%) answered they didn't even recognize having antibody production. 52.3 percent of dental hygiene students experienced unintentional needle stick injuries. The findings on the knowledge about Hepatitis B and AIDS were that dental hygienists (76.5 points) received higher mean score than those of dental hygiene students (71.0 points) and that the distribution of right answer rate also showed wider range in dental hygiene students (27.7~97.5%) than those of dental hygienist (41.2~99.5%). There were no statistical differences among dental hygiene education programs. Finding of this study support that the curriculum of dental hygiene program should include instruction on sources and methods of transmission of infectious diseases, risk of virus transmission in the workplace and principles of infection control. Furthermore, infection-control practices should be utilized routinely and their application to dental personnel, management of HBV and HIV postexposure management. Furthermore, for preventing the further spread of infectious diseases (HBV, HIV and AIDS${\cdots}$) caused by bloodborne viruses, imposing an obligation rather than recommendation on Hepatitis B vaccination to all dental personnel and routinely utilizing infection-control guidelines for all dental patients in dental practices (include dental educational programs) should be accomplished by coordination the government agency.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제69권
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• pp.107-126
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• 2016

The parties in International Sale of Goods including Korean Firms Should note ; The buyer must pay the price for the goods and take delivery of them as required by the contract and CISG. The obligations mentioned in Article 53 are primary obligations which are to be fulfilled in the normal performance of the contract. The buyer has to take delivery at the respective place within a reasonable period after this communication since he cannot be required to take delivery immediately. Refusing to take delivery in case of delay not constituting a ground for avoiding the contract makes no sense, since this would lead to even later delivery. The buyer's obligation to pay the price includes taking such steps and complying with such formalities as may be required under the contract or any laws and regulations to enable payment to be made. International sales contracts frequently prescribe that the buyer has to act in advance, that is before the seller starts the process of delivery. Such acts may be either advance payments or the procurement of securities for payment as letters of credit guarantees. On the other hand, The seller deliver the goods hand over any documents relating to them and transfer the property in the goods, as required by the contract and CISG. The seller must deliver goods which are of the quantity, quality and description required by the contract and which are contained or packaged in the manner required by the contract. Except where the parties have agreed otherwise, the goods do not conform with the contract unless they are fit for the purposes for which goods of the same description would ordinarily be used are fit for any particular purpose expressly or impliedly made known to the seller at the time of the conclusion of the contract, except where the circumstances show that the buyer did not rely, or that it was unreasonable for him to rely, on the seller's skill and judgement. The buyer may declare the contract avoided if the failure by the seller to perform any of his obligations under the contract or CISG amounts to a fundamental breach of contract. The seller may declare the contract avoided if the failure by the buyer to perform any of his obligations under the contract or CISG amounts to a fundamental breach of contract.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.129-169
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• 2007

이 논문에서는 한국이 2015년 흑은 2020년까지 1995년 혹은 2000년 수준으로 이산화탄소 배출량을 감축하기 위해 탄소세를 도입하는 경우의 효과를 SGM_Korea모형에 의거하여 예측해 보이고 있다. 이 논문의 주요 기여는 미국 지구변화연구소(JGCRI)가 개발한 SGM에 한국 부문의 데이터를 최근의 투입산출표(2000)와 최근의 에너지 수급표를 이용하여 최신화하고 그 예측력을 시험해 본 것에서 찾을 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 SGM_Korea (2000)를 이용하여 배출량 규제 및 탄소세 부과 시나리오에 따른 효과를 배출량 변화, 저감비용, GDP, 산업 생산 등에 대한 영향을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 한국이 2005년부터 배출량을 점진적으로 저감하기 시작하고 매년 1% 정도 에너지 효율의 향상을 가정할 경우 2015년까지 2000년 수준으로 배출량을 저감하기 위해 요구되는 탄소세 수준은 탄소톤당 약 US$500 정도가 될 것으로 보인다. 그러나 에너지 효율 개선이 없다면 탄소세에 의존하여 2000년 수준으로 배출량을 저감하는 것은 현실적으로 불가능해 보인다는 점에서 대체 에너지의 개발을 포함한 에너지 효율의 개선은 배출 저감 정책의 전제가 되지 않으면 안 될 것이다. 본 연구는 기후온난화 문제에 대해 국제적으로 검정된 CGE모형으로 예측된 비교 가능한 수치를 제시하였다는 점에서 다른 연구와 차별성을 가진다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제36권
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• pp.87-109
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• 2007

This Comment explores the ICSID case of CMS Gas Transmission Company v. Argentine Republic, awarded on May 12, 2005. The Part II of this Comment first describes the relevant facts of the case including the some background for readers' understanding and the Part III summaries the claimant's requests and the decisions rendered by the Arbitral Tribunal in the Award. At Part IV, the Comment addresses the issue of determinating laws applicable to the merits of dispute in case that the parties of the case have not chosen a governing law, and at Part V, takes a close look into three main issues of (i) the indirect expropriation of the investment, (ii) the breach of fair and equitable treatment and (iii) the protections under umbrella clauses. In this CMS case, we see first that while the Tribunal affirmed that any indirect expropriation can occur from incidental interference depriving the foreign investor of the use or reasonable-to-be-expected economic benefit even if not necessarily to the obvious benefit of the host State, the Tribunal denied the occurrence of indirect expropriation in this case by holding that the Government of Argentina has not breached the standard of protection laid down in the Treaty. Secondly, however, regarding the issue of fair and equitable treatment, we see that the Tribunal, finding Argentina's breach of obligations, affirmed that the foreign investor can expect the host State to act in a consistent manner, free from ambiguity and totally transparently in its relations with the foreign investor, which can give the foreign investor certain degree of foreseeability. Thirdly and finally, we see that, on base of the effect of the umbrella clause, the Tribunal recognized the obligation of the host State undertaken not to freeze the tariff regime or subject it to price controls and not to alter the basic rules governing contracts between the foreign investor and the host State without the first's written consent. However, the protection under the umbrella clause is available only when there is a specific breach of rights and obligations under BIT or a violation of contract rights protected under BIT.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제42권
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• pp.163-186
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• 2009

On April 11, 1980, the "United Nations on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods" ("CISG") was prepared by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) and approved by a diplomatic conference in Vienna providing uniform law for international sales of goods. It took effect as of March 1, 2005, in Korea. It is set forth on the seller's remedies for breach by the buyer Section III (Art. 61 - 65) under the CISG. In this study, the focus is only on the seller's notice fixing additional final period for performance (Art. 63) and the right to avoid the contract (Art. 64), with examination on some relevant foreign arbitral awards rendered by the ICC and the CIETAC together. Article 63 provides that the seller may fix an additional period of time for reasonable length for performance by the buyer of his obligation. It was found from the above arbitral awards that the concept of 'reasonable length' should be decided on a case-by-case basis, given the specific circumstances in the case [Art. 63(1)]. It is provided that unless the seller has received a notice that he will not perform within the period so fixed, the seller may not, during that period, resort to any remedy for breach of contract in accordance with Article 63(2). Article 64(1) provides the means and grounds for avoidance of the contract, which can be avoided 1) when the breach of the buyer amounts to a fundamental breach of contract, or 2) when the additional period of time is fixed by the seller, unless the buyer declares that he will not perform so within the period of fixed time. As we examined in the above arbitral awards, it was held that the contract is avoided when the seller sends the final notice stating that he will avoid the contract, after the expiration of the additional period of time fixed by the seller in the ICC award. On the contrary, it was held that the contract should be deemed to be avoided exactly when the expiration of additional period noted in the avoidance notice is elapsed in the CIETAC award. Article 64(2) sets time limits for avoidance.