• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.268-277
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• 2002

A comparative study was conducted to identify the effects of prenatal education on primiparas' self-confidence, satisfaction in maternal role performance and perception of delivery experience. Data were collected from 91 primiparas from August 1 to 30, 2001 using structured questionnaires. The subjects were selected from 2 OB & GY hospitals which operate the same prenatal education programs in M city. One group of subjects was primiparas who did receive prenatal education (n= 44) and another group of subjects was primiparas who did not receive prenatal education (n= 47). This study hypothesized that primiparas in education group would have higher self- confidence, satisfaction in maternal role performance and perception of delivery experience than those of non-education group. Descriptive statistics, $x^2$-test, t-test, and correlation were used for data analyses. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Primiparas in prenatal education group would not have better perception of delivery experience than those of non-education group (t=1.405, p = 0.163). 2. Primiparas in prenatal education group would have higher self-confidence in maternal role performance than those of non-education group (t=7.669, p=0.000). 3. Primiparas in prenatal education group would have higher satisfaction in maternal role performance than those of non- education group (t=4.115, p = 0.000). 4. There was significant correlations between self-confidence and satisfaction (r=0.489, p=0.000). Moreover, there was significant correlation between self-confidence and perception of delivery experience (r = 0.284, p = 0.006). The results of this study indicated that prenatal education needs to be developed and applied to nursing practice to increase self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance. Experimental studies are needed to identify the effect of prenatal education.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.89-100
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• 2006

The introduction of GSMP open interface to OBS network can materialize to separate the transport plane and the control plane in OBS network. This makes the implementation of OBS switches simple and provides various flexibility. However, the introduction of open interface will cause the connection setup delay because of the additional processing overhead of open interface protocol. Also, in GSMP based network, the location of network management functions are not defined explicitly and the research result about the OBS network management is almost nothing. This paper proposes a parallel connection setup mechanism using centralized connection control server to minimize connection setup delay in OBS network with GSMP open interface and defines managed objects to support connection, configuration, performance, and fault management for the management of OBS network with GSMP open interface. This paper also proposes a distributed network management model, in which the above managed objects are distributed in a controller and an OBS switch according to network management functions. We verify the possibility of OBS control and network management by implementing network management function using proposed parallel connection setup mechanism and distributed network management model.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.1049-1052
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• 2013

Background: Studies have shown that alterations of steroid hormone metabolism, particularly involving testosterone, affect the risk of prostate cancer. Therefore, genetic variation in genes of enzymes which are involved could be of importance. The gene most interest is CYP17, whose enzyme product has an essential role in testosterone hormone synthesis. Some studies have indicated that the A2 allele polymorphism of CYP17 associated with increased risk of prostate cancer that could be affected by ethnicity. Therefore, the aim of this study was determination of presence or absence of the A2 allele in patients with prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: We studied the association of A2 allele and prostate cancer among 74 patients with prostate cancer and 128 healthy men which were referred to hospitals of SBMU. Results: This study revealed a significant association between prostate cancer risk and the A2 allele in an Iranian population so that A1A2 and A2A2 genotypes were more common in cases than controls with P-values of 0.029 and 0.010, respectively. Conclusions: Results of our study support a possible role of the A2 allele in sporadic prostate cancer development in Iran, in line with findings elsewhere.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.133-140
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• 1992

Bioelectrical Impedance method for measuring human body composition is based upon the principle that the electrical conductivity of the fat-free mass (FFM) is far greater than that of the (at. Deter- mination o( impedance was nlade in 30 healthy and obese men aged $40.9{\pm}14.7$yr (mean${\pm}$SD) and 25 healthy and obese women aged $44.0{\pm}10.2$ yr. A commercial impedance body fat analyzer was used with a four electrode arrangement that introduced a painless constant current(ImA at 50 kHz) into the body. Linear relationships were found between impudence values and FFM(r=-0.786) and between weight and FFM(r=0.837). Signigicant increases in the correlation coefficients were ob served when the predicator Hta/z was regressed against FFM(r=0.912) where Ht Is height and Z Is impedance. A linear regression equation, FFM=0.586(Htf/z) +0.317(Weight) -1.674(r=0.977), was found. The correlation coefficient of % body fat between the impedance and infrared methods was 0.898. These data Indicate that the bioelectrical impedance technique is a reliable and valld approach for the estimation of human body composition. This method Is safe, noninvasivr, prouides rapld measure menu, requires little operator skill and subject cooperation, and Os portable. Finally measurement of percent body fat was made possible using both the regression equation and a developed impedance measuring device which measures impedance between wrist and ankle.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.329-337
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• 2017

A major concern regarding most auto-repair shops in residential areas is the emission of odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the local atmosphere, especially during painting operations. VOCs contribute to poor local air quality and are responsible for the perceived odor and discomfort experienced by local residents. Sixteen major VOCs (6 aromatic hydrocarbons and 10 aliphatic carbonyl compounds) were selected as potential target compounds. The site was an auto-repair shop located in a central region of Seoul, South Korea, where the air quality of the site has been a subject of residents' complaints. The sampling points were as follows: 1) in the painting booth with new (NB) or old (OB) removal system, (2) in the exhaust duct after new (ND) or old (OD) odor removal filter, and (3) 2 m below the discharge vent (4 m above the ground) (outdoor air, OA). Each sample was coded: (1) before painting (BP), (2) during painting (DP), and (3) after painting (AP). The toluene level in the duct with the new removal filter during painting (ND-DP) was 1.5 ppm (v/v), while it was 3.8 ppm (v/v) in the right duct with an old removal filter during painting (OD-DP). Accordingly, the effect of filter replacement was reflected by differences in VOC levels. Therefore, accurate monitoring of odorous VOCs is an important step to reduce odor nuisance from local sources.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.99-112
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was to investigate the associations of Parent Stress Index(PS]). Way of Coping Checklist(WCC). and Diagnostic System of Oriental Medicine(DSOM) in mothers of elementary school children. Methods: In the study. K-PSI-SF. WCC. and DSOM were carried out on 202 mothers of O Oelementary school children during June. 2010. Cross tabulation analysis was used to verify the association of PSI. WCC and DSOM. Results: 1. The most common pathogenic factor was Dampness(濕) in total subjects. 2. The score of problem-focused coping methods showed significant difference in PSI grades. 3. The zp and sc10 of Qi deficiency(氣虛), Blood deficiency(血虛), Qi-Stagnation(氣滯), Insufficiency of Yang(陽虛), Heat(熱), Dampness(濕), Dryness(燥), Liver(肝), Heart(心), and Kidney(腎) showed significant difference in PSI grades. 4. The score of total PSI and PSI subscale had negative correlations with problem-focused coping methods 5. The score of total PSI had positive correlations with Qi-Stagnation (氣滯), Dampness(濕), Dryness(燥), Heart(心), and Kidney(腎) in total subjects. Conclusions : This study provides insights on associations of parenting stress coping methods and diagnostic system in Oriental Medicine. Furthermore, the study shows positive correlations among Qi-Stagnation (氣滯), Dampness(濕), Dryness(燥), Heart(心), Kidney(腎) and PSI, and negative correlations between PSI and Problem-focused coping methods, all with statistical significance.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 2012

Recent rapid development of computer, information communication and Web service technologies is exerting considerable effects on all industrial areas. As such digital technologies are also introduced to the clothing and fashion industry and create 'virtual garment environment' consisting of 3D virtual bodies, virtual garments and virtual try-on systems, consumers are now able to try virtual garments on their virtual body online. This study was conducted in order to analyze consumers' tendency of clothing purchase using 3D virtual simulation technology, which is increasing attention throughout the world, and to propose strategies on the development of virtual try-on technology for activating apparel online shopping. The subjects of this study were men and women aged 18 or older living in the North Carolina State, U.S., and a questionnaire survey was conducted with them on their tendency of apparel online shopping and their preference for real garments and virtual garments. According to the results of this study, consumers' awareness of apparel shopping using virtual try-on was still low. Moreover, in the results of surveying consumers' purchase preference for real garments and virtual garments, preference was highest for real garment (P), which was followed by virtual garments OA, OB and BB. Based on the results of this study, for the activation of apparel online shopping using virtual simulation technology, it is considered necessary to provide services implementing virtual try-on similar to consumers' actual try-on. This requires further active research and technology development on virtual try-on simulation using digital technologies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.98-103
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• 2007

This study compares menthol migration from fillers to filters and mainstream smoke in a type of leaf tobacco and according to the moisture content differences at the range of $11{\sim}15\;%$. The leaf tobacco used in this study consisted of Korea flue cured upper leaves B1O (KFUB1), A40R (KFUA4), lower leaves C1L (KFLC1), CD4L (KFLCD4), burley upper leaves A3T (KBUA3), lower leaves D3W (KBLD3), Orient Basma I/III (OB), Orient Izmir BIG (OI), expanded tobacco (KET), and reconstituted sheet (KRC). Menthol migration to the filter and mainstream was measured under constant conditions for 80 days with intervals of 20 days. In the comparison between flue cured types, there were significant differences in the filter parts, as follows. KFUB1(34.4 %) KFUA4(37.4 %), KFLC1(43 %) and KFLCD4 were 55.7 %. In the comparision between other types of leaf tobaccos, KFUB1 was 34.4 % and KET was 52.6 % at filter parts. In the methol transfer to mainstream smoke was $16.5{\sim}24.2\;%$. The menthol migration to filters was measured based on the moisture content of $11{\sim}15\;%$ for the KFUB1 after storing it for 80 days. The menthol migrations were $36{\sim}40\;%$ at the moisture content of $11{\sim}15\;%$, respectively. The transfers to mainstream smoke were $12.8{\sim}15.8\;%$.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.11-39
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• 2011

[ ${\S}27$ ]Abs. 3 das Gesuntheitsdienstgesetz (the Medical Service Act) in Korea lautet: Niemand in der Absicht, sich oder einem Dritten einen $Verm{\ddot{o}}gensvorteil$ zu verschaffen, der Medizininstitut bzw. dem Mediziner (die Medizinerin) den Patienten vorstellen, ${\ddot{u}}bweweisen$, verleiten oder einen anderen zu dieser Handlung anstiften darf, wie z.B. die Selbstbeteiligung des Patienten nach dem Krankenkassengesetz (the National Health Insurance Act) oder dem Gesetz ${\ddot{u}}ber$ Beistand der ${\ddot{a}}rztlicher$ Betreuung (the Medical Care Assistance Act) skontieren oder befreien, Geld offerieren oder dem Allgemeinheit das Verkehrswesen anbieten usw. Nach dem Wortlaut ist jedoch unklar, ob unter diese Vorschriften der Fall subsumiert werden kann, wenn eine Medizininstitut bzw. ein(e) Mediziner(in) in der Absicht, sich einen $Verm{\ddot{o}}gensvorteil$ zu verschaffen, sich den Patienten verleitet. Nach dem Korean Supreme Court ist eine Medizininstitut bzw. ein(e) Mediziner(in) nur dann das Subjekt der Verleitungshandlung, wenn sie bzw. er ein Mittel gegen fairen oder $ordungsm{\ddot{a}}{\beta}ien$ Medizinmarkt verwendet oder dem Patienten eine ${\ddot{a}}rztlich$ rechtswidrige Behandlung (z.B. einen rechtswidrigen Schwangerschaftsabbruch) verspricht. In diesem Beitrag wird dagegen die Auffassung mittels der teleologischen Reduktion vertritt und argumentiert, dass ein ${\ddot{a}}rztlich$ rechtswidriges Behandlung nach dem Rechtsgut und dem Normzweck unter ${\S}27$ Abs. 3 das Gesuntheitsdienstgesetz nicht subsumiert werden, sondern allein nach eigenem Unrecht bestraft werden kann.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.253-283
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• 2014

Ob das Erbitten der Behandlung durch einen Dritten einen Behandlungsvertrag oder lediglich eine Gesch${\ddot{a}}$ftsf${\ddot{u}}$hrung ohne Auftrag darstellt, richtet sich nach dem allgemeinen Grundsatz der Auslegung der Willenserkl${\ddot{a}}$rung. Auch wenn ein Dritter f${\ddot{u}}$r eine andere Person die Behandlung erbittet, l${\ddot{a}}$sst sich dadurch kein zwingender R${\ddot{u}}$ckschluss ziehen, dass daraus eine vertragliche Pflicht auf Verg${\ddot{u}}$tung anhand der Behandlung an den Behandlungserbitter entsteht. Das Erbitten der Behandlung eines Dritten stellt n${\ddot{a}}$mlich weder einen Antrag dar, noch ensteht dadurch ein Rechtsgesch${\ddot{a}}$ft zwischen dem Behandlungerbitter und dem Behandelnden. Stellt das Erbitten der Behandlung durch den Dritten eben kein Rechtsgesch${\ddot{a}}$ft dar, handelt es sich um eine Behandlung ohne gesetzliche Pflichten. Dadurch ist f${\ddot{u}}$r den Behandelten eine Gesch${\ddot{a}}$ftsf${\ddot{u}}$hrung ohne Auftrag er${\ddot{o}}$ffnet. Wird das Erbitten der Behandlung als Antrag ausgelegt, ist dies ein Antrag eines echten oder unechten Vertrags zugunsten Dritter, oder der Behandlungserbitter hat als Vertreter des Patienten oder Unterhaltspflichtigen als Vertretende, einen Behandlungsvertrag abgeschlossen. Wenn der Vertragspartner die Tatsache kennt oder kennen musste, dass es sich um einen Vertreter handelt, ist die Vertretungshandlung wirksam.