• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.136-140
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• 1999

Purpose : Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a useful tumor marker, which is widely used as a diagnostic index and predictor of both treatment and follow-up result in prostate cancer. A prospective analysis was carried out to obtain the period of PSA normalization and the half life of PSA and to analyze the factors influencing the period of PSA normalization. The PSA level was checked before and serially after radical radiotherapy. Materials and Method : Twen쇼 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer who underwent radical external beam radiotherapy were enrolled in this study. Accrual period was from April 1993 to May 1998. Median follow-up period was 20 months. Radiotherapy was given to whole pelvis followed by a boost to prostate. Dose range for the whole pelvis was from 45 Gy to 50 Gy and boost dose to prostate, from 14 Gy to 20 Gy. The post-irradiation PSA normal value was under 3.0 ng/ml. The physical examination and serum PSA level evaluation were performed at 3 month interval in the first one year, and then at every 4 to 6 months. Results : PSA value was normalized in nineteen patients (95%) within 12 months. The mean period of PSA normalization was 5.3 (${\pm}$2.7) months. The half life of PSA Of the nonfailing patients was 2.1 (${\pm}$0.9) month. The nadir PSA level Of the nonfailing Patients waS 0.8 (${\pm}$0.5) ng/ml. The period of PSA normalization had the positive correlation with pretreatment PSA level (R$^{2}$=0.468). The nadir PSA level had no definite positive correlation with the pretreatment PSA level (R$^{2}$=0.075). The half life of serum PSA level also had no definite correlation with pretreatment PSA level (R$^{2}$=0.029). Conclusion :The PSA level was mostly normalized within 8 months (85%). If it has not normalized within 12 months, we should consider the residual disease in prostate or distant metastasis. In 2 patients, the PSA level increased 6 months or 20 months before clinical disease was detected. So the serum PSA level can be used as early diagnostic indicator of treatment failure.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.608-616
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• 2015

In this study, we have estimated the storm surge heights using numerical modeling on coastal area, and then evaluated the vulnerability index by applying the vulnerability assessment techniques. Surge modelling for 27 typhoons affected from 2000 to 2014 were simulated by applying the ADCIRC model. The results of validation and verification was in significant agreement as compared with observations for the top 6 ranking typhoons affected. As results, the storm surge heights in Jinhae Bay, Sacheon Bay, Gwangyang Bay, Cheonsu Bay and Gyeonggi Bay were higher than other inner coastal areas, then storm surge vulnerability assessment was performed using a standardization, normalization and gradation of storm surge heights. According to results of storm surge vulnerability assessment, index of Jinhae Bay, Sacheon Bay, Gwangyang Bay etc. are estimated to be vulnerable(4~5) because of the characteristics of storm surge such as inner bay are vulnerable compared with exposed to the open sea areas. However, index in the inner bay of western Jeonnam are not vulnerable(1~3) relatively. It may not appear the typhoons affected significantly for the past 15 years. So, the long-term vulnerability assessment with the sensitivity of geomorphology are necessary to reduce the uncertainty.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 1999

Purpose : To evaluate the usefulness of functional MR imaging (fMRI) for language mapping and determination of language lateralization. Materials and Methods : Functional maps of the language area were obtained during word generation tasks and decision task in ten volunteers (7 right handed, 3 left-handed). MR examinations were performed at 1.5T scanner with EPI BOLD technique. Each task consisted of three resting periods and two activation periods with each period of 30 seconds. Total acquisition time was 162 sec. SPM program was used for the postprocessing of images. Statistical comparisons were performed by using t-statistics on a pixel-by- pixel basis after global normalization by ANCOVA. Activation areas were topographically analyzed (p>0.001) and activated pixels in each hemisphere were compared quantitatively by lateralization index. Results : Significant activation signals were demonstrated in 9 of 10 volunteers. Activation signals were found in the premotor and motor cortices, the inferior frontal, inferior parietal, and mid-temporal lobes during stimulation tasks. In the right handed seven volunteers, activation of language areas was lateralized to the left side. Verb generation task produced stronger activation in the language areas and higher value of lateralization index than noun generation task or decision task. Conclusion : fMRI could be a useful non-invasive method for language mapping and determination of language dominance.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.239-245
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• 2014

This study analyzed a comprehensive database including 6331 ready-mixed concrete plant mixtures to quantitatively assess the environmental impact of concrete under mixture proportions variable according to the domestic region and season. The environmental impact indicator includes global warming, photochemical oxidant creation, abiotic resource depletion, acidification, eutrophication and human toxicity, which are determined from categorization, characterization, normalization and weighting process based on Korea lifecycle inventories. The determined environmental impact indicator was also normalized by concrete compressive strength ($f_{ck}$), which is defined as impact index, to calculate the environmental impact per unit strength of 1 MPa. The most common compressive strength of concrete used in the country is estimated to be 24 MPa and 27 MPa. For $f_{ct}$ of 24 MPa, the lowest environmental impact indicator is observed in Ulsan, whereas the highest region is Gwangju and Daegu. This difference according to domestic region is primarily resulted from by the replacement of different supplementary cementitious materials. Furthermore, the impact index of concrete with $f_{ck}$ of 24 MPa is higher by approximately 5% at wintertime than at summertime and standard season. The impact index gradually decreases with the increase of $f_{ck}$ up to 35 MPa, beyond which it remains constant.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.6 no.2 s.12
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• pp.105-117
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• 1998

The main object of this study was to prove the effectiveness of satellite Image data for extraction of the pine needle gall midge damaged area in the part of Kangwon-do area, and to present the detailed procedure of a digital image processing for extraction of those damaged area. The effectiveness of extraction of damaged area was improved by using the BRCT(Backwards Radiance Correction Transformation) with DEM for the normalization of topographic effects. The topographic surface analysis of the extracted damaged area revealed that the general damaged area was at south-west and south-east aspect with the slope of 31 to 38 degrees, the temperature of 21 to 25, and 23% to 39% of the highest altitude mountains. The new damaged area in which expanded area was at 27 to 30 degree of slope, the aspect of 46 to 180 degrees, the temperature of $11^{\circ}C\;to\;12^{\circ}C$ and 27% to 39% of the highest altitude mountains. The NDI(New Damaged Index) was developed using the environment factor and simple vegetation index.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.6_1
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• pp.1379-1391
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• 2020

UAV in the agricultural application are capable of collecting ultra-high resolution image. It is possible to obtain timeliness images for phenological phases of the crop. However, the UAV uses a variety of sensors and multi-temporal images according to the environment. Therefore, it is essential to use normalized image data for time series image application for crop monitoring. This study analyzed the variability of UAV reflectance and vegetation index according to Aviation Image Making Environment to utilize the UAV multispectral image for agricultural monitoring time series. The variability of the reflectance according to environmental factors such as altitude, direction, time, and cloud was very large, ranging from 8% to 11%, but the vegetation index variability was stable, ranging from 1% to 5%. This phenomenon is believed to have various causes such as the characteristics of the UAV multispectral sensor and the normalization of the post-processing program. In order to utilize the time series of unmanned aerial vehicles, it is recommended to use the same ratio function as the vegetation index, and it is recommended to minimize the variability of time series images by setting the same time, altitude and direction as possible.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.69-93
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• 2014

The aim of this research was to develop a climate change vulnerability index at the district level (Si, Gun, Gu) with respect to the health care sector in Korea. The climate change vulnerability index was esimated based on the four major causes of climate-related illnesses : vector, flood, heat waves, and air pollution/allergies. The vulnerability assessment framework consists of six layers, all of which are based on the IPCC vulnerability concepts (exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity) and the pathway of direct and indirect impacts of climate change modulators on health. We collected proxy variables based on the conceptual framework of climate change vulnerability. Data were standardized using the min-max normalization method. We applied the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) weight and aggregated the variables using the non-compensatory multi-criteria approach. To verify the index, sensitivity analysis was conducted by using another aggregation method (geometric transformation method, which was applied to the index of multiple deprivation in the UK) and weight, calculated by the Budget Allocation method. The results showed that it would be possible to identify the vulnerable areas by applying the developed climate change vulnerability assessment index. The climate change vulnerability index could then be used as a valuable tool in setting climate change adaptation policies in the health care sector.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.2 no.6
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• pp.903-917
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• 1995

In most database systems images have been indexed indirectly using related texts such as captions, annotations and image attributes. But there has been an increasing requirement for the image database system supporting the storage and retrieval of images directly by content using the information contained in the images. There has been a few indexing methods based on contents. Among them, Pertains proposed an image indexing method considering spatial relationships and properties of objects forming the images. This is the expansion of the other studies based on '2-D string. But this method needs too much storage space and lacks flexibility. In this paper, we propose a more flexible index structure based on kd-tree using paging techniques. We show an example of extracting keys using normalization from the from the raw image. Simulation results show that our method improves in flexibility and needs much less storage space.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.245-252
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• 2020

Synthetic resin formwork is made of lightweight high-density polyethylene(HDPE). This study used a process flow chart that satisfies the system boundary (such as Cradle-to- Product shipmen ) required by ISO FDIS 13352 to evaluate the entire process of synthetic resin foam using. The entire life cycle inventory (LCI) database calculated from input energy sources, materials used, transportation methods, and manufacturing processes at the system boundary was analyzed. Based on the environmental impact assessment index methodology of the Ministry of Environment from the LCI data analysis of synthetic resin formwork, the environmental impact assessment was carried out through classification, normalization, characterization, and weighting process. The experimental results are as follows the amount of CO₂ (carbon) emission considering the number of conversions was about 32% lower than that of the Euroform. This shows that the use of synthetic resin formwork reduces material production by half compared to Euroform and reduces CO₂ (carbon) emissions.

• Journal of KIISE:Databases
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.217-232
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• 2001

본 논문에서는 시계열 데이터베이스에서 정규화 변환을 지원하는 서브시퀀스 매칭 알고리즘을 제안한다. 정규화 변환을 시계열 데이터 간의 절대적인 유클리드 거리에 관계 없이, 구성하는 값들의 상대적인 변화 추이가 유사한 패턴을 갖는 시계열 데이터를 검색하는 데에 유용하다. 기존의 서브시퀀스 매칭 알고리즘을 확장 없이 정규화 변환 서브시퀀스 매칭에 단순히 응용할 경우, 질의 결과로 반환되어야 할 서부시퀀스를 모두 찾아내지 못하는 착오 기각이 발생한다. 또한, 정규화 변환을 지원하는 기존의 전체 매칭 알고리즘의 경우, 모든 가능한 질의 시퀀스 길이 각각에 대하여 하나씩의 인덱스를 생성하여야 하므로, 저장 공간 및 데이터 시퀀스 삽입/삭제의 부담이 매우 심각하다. 본 논문에서는 인덱스 보간법을 이용하여 문제를 해결한다. 인덱스 보간법은 인덱스가 요구되는 모든 경우 중에서 적당한 간격의 일부에 대해서만 생성된 인덱스를 이용하며, 인덱스가 필요한 모든 경우에 대한 탐색을 수행하는 기법이다. 제안된 알고리즘은 몇 개의 질의 시퀀스 길이에 대해서만 각각 인덱스를 생성한 후, 이를 이용하여 모든 가능한 길이의 질의 시퀀스에 대해서 탐색을 수행한다. 이때, 착오 기각이 발생하지 않음을 증명한다. 제안된 알고리즘은 질의 시에 주어진 질의 시퀀스의 길이에 따라 생성되어 있는 인덱스 중에서 가장 적절한 것을 선택하여 탐색을 수행한다. 이때, 생성되어 있는 인덱스의 개수가 많을수록 탐색 성능이 향상된다. 필요에 따라 인덱스의 개수를 변화함으로써 탐색 성능과 저장 공간 간의 비율을 유연하게 조정할 수 있다. 질의 시퀀스의 길이 256 ~ 512중 다섯 개의 길이에 대해 인덱스를 생성하여 실험한 결과, 탐색 결과 선택률이 $10^{-2}$일 때 제안된 알고리즘의 탐색 성능이 순차 검색에 비하여 평균 2.40배, 선택률이 $10^{-5}$일 때 평균 14.6배 개선되었다. 제안된 알고리즘의 탐색 성능은 탐색 결과 선택률이 작아질수록 더욱 향상되므로, 실제 데이터베이스 응용에서의 효용성이 높다고 판단된다.