• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 1999년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.471-477
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• 1999

A new stress, load and displacement controlled direct shear apparatus has recently been developed at the Hyundai Institute of Construction Technology This direct shear apparatus is capable of testing of rock joint under constant normal stiffness, constant normal stress or constant normal load boundary conditions. This paper describes this direct shear apparatus and illustrates results of shear tests at constant normal stress condition, constant normal load condition and constant normal stiffness condition with dental stones which have a same joint roughness and unconfined compressive strength.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2003년도 추계학술대회 논문집(II)
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• pp.466-471
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• 2003

The characteristics of a rock joint which influence the stability of rock mass structures, such as the cut slopes and the tunnels, are largely controlled by the conditions of the rock joint as well as its boundary conditions. Boundary conditions can be represented by assuming that the deformability(or stiffness) of the rock mass surrounding the joints is modelled by a spring with stiffness. A new direct shear apparatus is developed in this study, which adapts a servo control system using PID algorithm. This apparatus can be used to investigate the various aspects of shear characteristics of the rock joints at conditions of constant normal stress and constant normal stiffness and so on. It is possible that the behavior under the constant normal stiffness condition can be predicted by the normalized graphic method with results obtained from the tests in the constant normal stress condition.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.330-337
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• 2005

전단하중을 받는 암반의 전단특성은 절리면의 구조적인 특징뿐만 아니라 암반 주변의 경계조건에 의해서도 영향을 받는다. 암반블록의 경계조건은 절리면이 받고 있는 응력상태를 기준으로 4가지로 구분할 수 있다. 일반적으로 주로 사용되는 CNL 조건의 전단시험에서 얻어지는 전단강도는 다른 경계조건에서 얻어지는 것보다 낮은 전단강도를 나타내며 그 거동도 다른 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 일정수직하중(CNL) 시험결과를 정규화한 그래픽 방법을 이용하여 일정수직강성(CNS) 조건의 전단거동을 모사할 수 있었다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.5-12
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• 2004

본 연구는 암반에 근입된 현장타설말뚝의 화강암과 콘크리트의 부착면에서의 전단거동을 이해하려는 데 있다. 암반에 근입된 현장타설말뚝의 전단거동을 실내에서 실험하기 위해서는 현장에서의 전단거동을 모델링 해야 한다. 따라서, 말뚝의 축방향 대칭성을 고려해 암반에 근입된 전단면을 2차원으로 모델링함으로써 일정수직강성도(conctant normal stiffness; CNS) 조건의 전단시험을 실시할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 국내 화강암을 대상으로 거칠기, 암의 강도, 응력경계조건 등을 고려하여 암-콘크리트 접촉부에 대한 일정수직강성도 전단시험을 수행하였다. 실험결과 각 변수(요철부의 경사각 및 높이, 수직강성도)에 따른 전단특성(첨두전단강도, 전단응력, 수직응력)은 물론 팽창현상(dilation) 등을 관찰할 수 있었다. 시험결과에 따르면 첨두 전단강도는 요철부의 경사각이 증가할수록, 그리고 수직강성도가 증가할 수록 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 팽창량은 요철부의 각도가 클수록 수직강성도가 작을수록 크게 나타났다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2003년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.147-152
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• 2003

The purpose of this paper is to develope an understanding of fundamental mechanism of shear behaviour between granite and concrete interfaces. The interface of pile socketed in rock can be modeled in laboratory tests by resolving the axisymmetric pile situation into the two dimensional situation under CNS(constant normal stiffness) direct shear condition. In this paper, the granite core samples were used to simulate the interface condition of piles socketed In granite. The samples were prepared in the laboratory to simulate field condition, roughness(angle, height), stress boundary condition, and then tested by CNS direct shear tests. This paper gives some points about shearing behaviour of socket piles into domestic granite through the analysis of CNS tests results.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.186-196
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 거칠기와 수직응력이 절리면의 전단거동에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위하여 30개의 자연암반 절리 시료를 대상으로 실험을 실시하였다. 3차원 레이저 거칠기 측정장치를 이용하여 절리면의 거칠기 정보를 측정하였으며, 시료들의 거칠기에 따라 10개씩 세 가지 그룹으로 분류하였다. 다음으로 수직응력을 다섯 단계로 변화시켜가며 전단실험을 실시함으로써 최대전단강도, 잔류전단강도, 전단강성, 팽창특성 등을 조사하였다. 절리면의 거칠기가 증가함에 따라 최대전단강도는 증가하였으며, 거칠기가 최대전단강도에 미치는 영향은 수직응력이 작은 경우에 더욱 크게 나타났다. 또한 절리면의 거칠기가 증가할수록 잔류전단강도도 점차 증가하였다. 전단강성은 거칠기 및 수직응력이 커짐에 따라 증가하는 것으로 나타났으나, 팽창각은 수직응력이 증가할수록 감소하였고, 동일한 수직응력하에서는 절리면의 거칠기가 커질수록 증가하였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제83권2호
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• pp.207-227
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• 2022

In general, the interaction conditions between the discrete stones are not taken into account by structural engineers during the modeling and analyzing of historical stone bridges. However, many structural damages in the stone bridges occur due to ignoring the interaction conditions between discrete stones. In this study, it is aimed to examine the seismic behavior of a historical stone bridge by considering the interaction stiffness parameters between stone elements. For this purpose, Tokatli historical stone arch bridge was built in 1179 in Karabük-Turkey, is chosen for three-dimensional (3D) seismic analyses. Firstly, the 3D finite-difference model of the Tokatli stone bridge is created using the FLAC3D software. During the modeling processes, the Burger-Creep material model which was not used to examine the seismic behavior of historical stone bridges in the past is utilized. Furthermore, the free-field and quiet non-reflecting boundary conditions are defined to the lateral and bottom boundaries of the bridge. Thanks to these boundary conditions, earthquake waves do not reflect in the 3D model. After each stone element is modeled separately, stiffness elements are defined between the stone elements. Three situations of the stiffness elements are considered in the seismic analyses; a) for only normal direction b) for only shear direction c) for both normal and shear directions. The earthquake analyses of the bridge are performed for these three different situations of the bridge. The far-fault and near-fault conditions of 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake are taken into account during the earthquake analyses. According to the seismic analysis results, the directions of the stiffness parameters seriously changed the earthquake behavior of the Tokatli bridge. Moreover, the most critical stiffness parameter is determined for seismic analyses of historical stone arch bridges.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.23-35
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 암반에 근입된 현장타설말뚝의 주면하중전이특성을 분석하기 위하여, 주요 영향요소(일축압축강도, 거칠기, 수직강성, 초기구속응력, 재료성질)에 따라 일정수직강성(Constant Normal Stiffness, CNS)조건의 직접전단시험을 수행하였다. 그 결과 암반에 근입된 현장타설말뚝의 주변하중전이특성을 3구간으로 이상화할 수 있었으며, 각 구간에서의 거동을 지배하는 주요 요소의 영향 및 그에 따른 거동을 파악할 수 있었다. 이를 토대로 암반의 절리 및 풍화상태를 나타내는 GSI(Geological Strength Index)를 이용한 Hoek-Brown 파괴기준(1997)을 적용하여, 암반에 근입된 현장타설말뚝의 굴착면 거칠기를 고려한 새로운 주면 하중전이함수를 제안하였다. 제안된 하중전이함수는 기존 7본의 말뚝 재하시험 결과와 비교분석을 수행하였으며, 그 결과 본 제안식이 암반 굴착면의 거칠기 및 암반특성을 적절히 반영함을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2000년도 하계종합학술대회 논문집(2)
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• pp.107-110
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• 2000

In this experiment, we fabricated pyramid-type silicon tunneling devices in which a tunneling current flow between a micro-tip and Si$_3$N$_4$ thin film membrane. A MEMS process was used for the fabrication of the tunneling devices. The micro-tips were formed on Si wafers by undercutting a differently oriented square of SiO$_2$ with KOH. The stiffness of the Si$_3$N$_4$ films were observed and the model for the stiffness calculation, which is useful in predicting the stiffness even when the stiffness ranges beyond the scope of the normal experimental condition, was suggested.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2001년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.579-584
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• 2001

The reinforced concrete(RC) beam is developed cracks because the compression strength of concrete is strong but the tensile strength is weak. The structural strength and stiffness is decreased by reduction of tension resistance capacity of concrete due to the developed cracks. Using the fiber reinforced concrete that is increased the flexural strength and tensile strength at tensile part can enhance the strength and stiffness of concrete structure and decrease the tensile flexural cracks and deflection. Therefore, The reinforced concrete used the fiber reinforced concrete at tensile part ensure the safety and serviceability of the concrete structures. In this study, analytical model of a dual concrete beam that is composed of the normal strength concrete at compression part and the high tensile strength concrete at tensile part is developed by using the equilibrium condition of forces and compatibility condition of strains and is parted into elastic analytical model and ultimate analytical model. Three group of test beam that is formed of one reinforced concrete beam and two dual concrete beams for each steel reinforcement ratio is tested to examine the flexural behavior of dual concrete beams. The comparative study of total nine test beams is shown that the ultimate load of a dual concrete beams relative to the reinforced concrete beams have an increase in approximately 30%. In addition, the initial flexural rigidity, as used here, refer to the slope of load-deflection curves in elastic state is increased and the deflection is decreased.