• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.209-217
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• 2003

목 적：본 연구에서는 K-ABC와 K-LDES가 학습장애나 학습문제를 보이는 아동들의 인지적 결함과 학습문제를 평가하고 학습장애를 진단하는데 있어 얼마나 타당하고 유용한지를 알아보았다. 방 법：서울대학교병원 소아정신과에 내원하여 소아정신과 의사와 임상심리전문가에 의해 LD 혹은 학습문제를 수반한 ADHD로 진단 받은 아동 15명(LP 집단), ADHD로 진단 받은 아동 14명과 서울에 위치하는 공립, 사립 초등학교 2개교에 재학 중인 초등학생 15명이 정상집단으로 참여하였다(연령 범위：만 $7{\sim}12$세). 각 아동에게 1대 1로 K-ABC가 실시되었으며, 모가 직접 각 아동들에 대해서 K-LDES를 평정하였다. 결 과：K-ABC의 순차처리, 동시처리, 인지처리과정척도에서 세 집단간의 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 습득도척도에서 통계적으로 유의미하지는 않으나, LP 집단이 ADHD 집단과 정상집단에 비해 경미한 수준에서 낮은 점수를 보였다. 문장해독에서는 LP 집단이 ADHD 집단과 정상집단에 비해 유의미하게 낮은 수행을 보였다. K-LDES에서는 LP 집단이 말하기와 수학을 제외한 모든 하위척도들에서 다른 두 집단에 비해 매우 유의미하게 낮은 수행을 보였다. 또한 K-ABC의 척도들과 K-LDES의 척도들간의 유의미한 상관을 보였다. 결 론：본 연구는 K-ABC와 K-LDES가 학습장애를 평가하고 진단하는데 있어 유용하고 타당한 검사 도구임을 보였다. 그러나 LD에만 특징적인 인지적 결함을 밝히지는 못하였는데, 이는 LD의 피험자 수가 적고 ADHD와의 공존병리가 높은 점과 관련되어 있는 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 K-ABC만을 가지고 LD와 ADHD를 구분하는데는 어려움이 많기 때문에, K-LDES를 같이 사용하는 것이 진단의 정확성을 높일 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.187-206
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• 1993

The study was done to better understand problem behavior in high school students as described in family system theory, which explains the individual’s problem within the family interactions. The purpose of the study 1. To analyze the difference in the parents’ relationship as a couple between the two groups. 2. To analyze the difference in the parent-adolecent relationship between the two groups. 3. To analyze the difference in the family function (cohesion adaptability) between the two groups. The method of the study The staudy subjects consisted of a total of 176 families (528 persons), 109 high school students (End grade) with problem behavior and their parents (problem family group) ,and 69 high school students (same grade) with normal behavior and their parents (normal family group) residing in the Seoul area. Data were gathered from structured, self-reporting qestionaires which included a Couple Relation measurement (95 items) , Parent-Adolescent communication measurement (20 items), Family Cohesion Adaptability Scale (20 items) by DavidH. Olson et al., and a behavior evaluation tool. The results of the study 1. The results as related to the hypothesis were as follows. Hypothesis 1 : “satisfaction within The couple's relationship of the parents of problem family group will be lower than the normal family group was supported significantly(t=3.07, p=.005). Hypothesis 2: “The parent-adolescent relationship of the problem family group will be more negative and problematic than the normal family group” was supported significantly(t=4.06, p=.000). Hypothesis 3: “The family function (cohesion adaptability) of the problem family group will be lower than the normal family group" was supported significantly(t=2.20, p=.022) 2. The results of related analysis were as follows 1) Analysis of a causal relation between the couple’s relationship, the parent-adolescent relationship, family function and adolescent behavior showed that the Above 3 variables influenced adolescent behavior.. In cases where couple’s relation-ship, the parent-adolescent’s relationship, the family function are the better, their adolescent’s behavior is better. 2) Discriminant analysis of the research tool showed The discriminant ability of couple’s relationship tool was 75.57%, the Parent-Adolescent communication tool, 67.05, the family adaptability cohesion tool.67. 61%. In summary, interpersonal relationships in the family subsystems are interactive and their relation influences the behaviors. of adolescents in the family. Therefore, family therapy would be a more effective method than individual therapy, to resolve negative problem for adolscents, and the research tool used in this study are very useful for family system diagnosis and nursing intervention.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.87-106
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• 1994

Owing to the use of many cultural facilities, the elevation of life standards and the high level progress of industry, visual impairment was on increasing trends. Especially due to studying for many hours, the myopia of adolescents became a serious social issue. The purpose of this study was to understand adolescent's wearing glasses and eyesight condition, whether the primary myopia factor and the subjective symptoms were different between the myopia group and the normal group, between the wearing glasses group and the non-wearing glasses group, and the effect on physical, mental and study activity of myopia. The subject of investigation was 627 middle school students in Seoul and the investigation was accomplished from July 7th, 1993 to July 12th, 1993. The data were analyzed by the percentage, x²-test, t-test and ANOVA of SPSS. The results were as followed; 1. The rate of the right and left eyesights higher than 0.8 in the normal group was 47.0%, and those less than 0.7 in the myopia group was 53.0%. In the boy students, the normal group was 54.1%, the myopia group was 45.9%. In the girl students, the normal group was 39.2%, the myopia group was 60.8%. Therefore the girl students' myopia rates were higher than the boy students', and this result was significant(p<0.01). 2. The rate of wearing glasses of the middle school students was 44.6%. The rate of wearing glasses of the girl students was 56.8%. The rate of wearing glasses of the girl students was higher than that of the boy students 43.2%. The rate of necessary glasses of the middle school students was 6.1% and the rate of necessary glasses of the boy students was 7.9%, the rate of necessary glasses of the girl students was 4.1%. 3. In case of a family member of the student wear glasses, the rate of wearing glasses was higher. 4. In the myopia group, the main reason for not wearing glasses was "Uncomfortable"(63.3% in the boy students, 40% in the girl students). In case of the girl students, "Nonpermission of their parents" was 18.7% and remarkably higher than 5.1% in case of the boy students. 5. The factor of myopia was that "The bad attitude of watching TV closely" was 19.9%, that "The dimly-lit room" was 6.6%. 6. In order to protect eyesight, the rate of the students who practiced "Looking at something from afar 3∼4times a day" was 37.3%, the rate of the students who did "Eye exercise" was 17.5%, the rate of the students who took "A medicine for promoting nutrition" was 12.9%. The rate of taking the medicine was higher than 3.5% in the normal eyesight group. 7. After near working, the point of subjective symptoms was higher in the myopia group than in the normal group and in the wearing glasses group than in the unwearing group and in the girl students than in the boy students. 8. The longer time to watch TV, the higher point of subjective symptoms. The longer distance to watch TV, the lower point of subjective symptoms(p<0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.106-116
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• 2005

연구목적 : 초기 청소년 ADHD 고위험군을 과잉행동-충동성을 동반하지 않는 부주의성 유형(ADHD-I)과 과잉행동-충동성을 동반한 유형(ADHD-HI/C)으로 분류한 후, 이들 간에 기질 및 기질 적합성과 문제행동에서의 차이점을 비교하고자 하였다. 방법 : 서울 모 남자 중학교 1, 2학년생과 그 부모를 대상으로 연구를 실시하였다. ADHD 고위험군을 선정하기 위해 ADHD 행동증상을 평정하는 세 척도 '((1)' 한국어판 ADHD 평가척도, (2) 부모용 단축형 코너스 평가척도, (3) 청소년용 단축형 코너스-웰스 자가평정척도)를 사용하여 2개 척도 이상에서 상위 $20\%$에 해당하는 경우를 고위험군으로 선정하였고, 이 중 ADHD평정척도의 부주의성 차원과 과잉행동/충동성 차원을 활용하여 각각 상위 $20\%$의 조합으로 하위유형을 분류하였다. 최종 연구대상은 ADHD-I 고위험군이 25명, ADHD-HI/C 고위험군이 70명, 정상군이 70명 이었다. 기질 및 기질 적합도를 측정하기 위해 학생들에게는 '개정판 기질차원척도' (DOTS-R)를, 부모에게는 '개정판 기질차원척도 : 맥락' (DOTS-R : Ethnotheory)을 사용하였으며, 문제행동 특성을 평가하기 위해 '한국판 청소년 문제행동 자가평정 척도' (K-YSR)를 이용하였다. 결과 : 기질 면에서는 ADHD-HI/C 고위험군이 다른 집단에 비해 '일반적인 활동수준' (general activity)이 두드러지게 높았다. 부모의 기대 맥락에서는 '일반적인 활동수준'에서 ADHD-HI/C 고위험군이 다른 두 집단에 비해 높아 자녀의 활동성에 대한 기대가 컸으며, '새로운 자극에 대한 융통/경직성' (flexibility/rigidity) 및 '기분' (mood) 면에서 세 집단 간에 차이가 유의미했는데 특히 자녀의 긍정적 기분을 기대하는 수준에서 ADHD-I 고위험군의 부모와 ADHD-HI/C 고위험군의 부모간에 유의한 차이가 있었다. 기질 적합도에서는 '기분'과 관련하여 세 집단 간에 차이가 유의미했는데, 특히 ADHD 고위험군의 두 하위유형은 정상군보다 '기분'과 관련된 적합도과 낮아 정서적인 차원에서 부모-자녀 간 부적합성이 ADHD의 행동증상과 관련되어 있음을 시사하였다. 문제행동 영역에서는 ADHD-HI/C 고위험군이 내면화 및 외현화 문제 모두에서 뚜렷하게 문제행동이 많은 것으로 나타났으며, ADHD 하위유형별로 비교할 때 외현화 문제에서는 ADHD-HI/C 고위험군이 ADHD-I 고위험군에 비해 유의하게 심각했지만 내면화 문제에서는 두 유형 간에 심각도의 차이가 유의하지 않았다. 결론 : 초기 청소년 ADHD 고위험군의 기질 및 기질 적합성 특성이 하위유형에 따라 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 이는 청소년 ADHD 행동증상 및 하위유형의 발현이 기질 뿐 아니라 환경과의 상호작용과 중요한 관련이 있음을 시사하였다. 또한 청소년 ADHD 행동증상과 하위유형은 기질 특성에서는 활동성 차원이, 기질 적합성 특성에서는 기분 차원이 연관이 있었다. 문제행동 특성에서는 하위유형별로 서로 다른 양상을 보였다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.296-305
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• 2013

본 연구는 청소년을 대상으로 부정교합 요소들의 유병률을 조사하고 각 요소와 자존감의 연관성을 평가할 목적으로 시행되었다. 양산시 소재 3개 중학교에 재학 중인 1,380명을 대상으로 부정교합 요소별 유병률과 자존감 상태를 조사 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. Angle 분류에 의한 제1대구치 관계는 I, II 및 III급 교합이 각각 69.0%, 19.4%, 10.6%로 나타났다. 수평피개는 정상 86.9%, 반대교합 5.6%, 큰 수평피개 6.6%, 극심히 큰 수평피개 0.8%로 나타났다. 수직피개는 정상 94.1%, 과개교합 4.7%, 개방교합 1.2%였다. 정중선 불일치는 0~1 mm는 98.2%, 2~4 mm는 1.4%, 5 mm 이상은 0.4%였다. 총생은 상, 하악에 총생이 있는 경우가 각각 9.6%, 14.1%, 양악 모두의 경우가 24.1%였으며, 치간공극은 상, 하악에만 있는 경우가 각각 3.0%, 2.4%, 양악 모두의 경우는 1.7%였다. 부정교합 요소별 자존감의 차이는 여자의 경우, 반대교합과 개방교합 그룹에서 자존감 지수가 낮은 값을 보였다(p < 0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2007

Objectives : A voxel based investigation of cerebral blood flow was conducted to identify functional differences during resting state between children with early-onset schizophrenia and normal controls. Methods : 19 children and adolescents with early-onset schizophrenia(8 boys and 11 girls, mean age $14.0{\pm}1.7$ years old) and 17 comparison children(13 boys and 4 girls, mean age $11.0{\pm}1.9$ years old) were examined by HMPAO-SPECT. The SPECT images were compared using statistical parametric mapping analyses, controlling for age and sex. Results : Increased cerebral blood flow in left medial and inferior frontal gyrus, right superior and middle frontal gyrus, both inferior temporal gyrus, and right cerebellar tonsil was found in children and adolescents with early-onset schizophrenia compared to control subjects. In addition, decreased cerebral blood flow in right thalamus, left posterior cingulate gyrus, right anterior cingulate gyrus and relatively wide areas from left medical frontal gyrus to superior parietal lobule were found in children and adolescents with early-onset schizophrenia compared to control subjects. Conclusion : The results of the current study provide additional evidences for brain areas involving the onset of schizophrenia in early age.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.261-269
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• 2005

연구 목적 : 본 연구는 가벼운 비행을 저지른 '훈방대상 비행청소년'을 대상으로 분노, 분노대처, 스트레스반응 각각의 특성과 이들의 성별, 학년에 따른 차이를 파악하기 위하여 시행되었다. 방법 : 본 연구의 대상자는 서울시 '사랑의 교실' (비행예방 프로그램)에 참석한 비행청소년 285명과 서울시내 일반청소년 391명(남 : 377명, 여 : 299명/중 346명, 고 : 330명)이었으며, 이들에게 한국판 상태-특성분노표현척도와 사건충격척도를 실시하였다. 결과 : 1) 비행청소년은 일반청소년에 비해서 상태분노, 특성분노, 전체분노 분노표출은 높았고 분노억제, 분노조절, 스트레스반응은 낮았다. 2) 남자 비행청소년이 여자 비행청소년보다 분노조절과 스트레스반응이 더 높았고 분노에서는 유의미한 차이가 없었다. 3) 고등학교 비행청소년에서 중학교 비행청소년에 비해서 특성분노와 분노조절이 더 높았고, 고등학교 일반청소년이 중학교 일반청소년에서보다 스트레스반응이 더 높았다. 결론 : '훈방대상 비행청소년'은 일반청소년과는 분노, 분노대처, 스트레스반응에서 차이를 보였으며, 학년과 성별에 따라서도 차이를 보였다. 이러한 특성들은 이들을 대상으로 하는 프로그램에 더욱 쉽고 효과적으로 적용 될 수 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.213-223
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• 1996

본 논문은 주의력결핍 과잉운동장애 아동을 대상으로 하여 이들의 우울, 불안증상을 평가하고, 이에 기초를 두어 현상론적인 측면에서 주의력결핍 과잉운동장애를 다시 세분화하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 주의력결핍 과잉운동장애의 증상을 보이는 $9{\sim}12$세 까지의 환아 51명과 정상대조군 50명을 연구대상으로 하여, 한국형 소아우울척도와 소아의 상태-특성 불안척도를 사용하여 우울과 불안을 평가하였다. 주의력결핍 과잉운동장애 아동군은 한국형 소아우울척도상에서 대조군에 비하여 의미있게 높았으며 (p<0.01), 소아의 상태 불안척도상에서도 주의력결핍 과잉운동장애군이 대조군에 비하여 의미있게 높았다(p<0.05). 또한 각각의 척도상에서 기준점 이상의 점수를 획득하여 진단적으로 의미있는 대상아동이 각각이 존재하였다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 주의력결핍 과잉운동장애군을 현상학적으로는 순수한 주의력결핍 과잉운동장애, 우울형 주의력결핍 과잉운동장애, 불안형 주의력결핍 과잉운동장애로의 세분이 가능하였다. 따라서 이들 장애들도 새로운 아형으로 독립이 되어야 할 것이다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제61권10호
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• pp.327-331
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• 2018

Purpose: The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is rapidly increasing, and several reports have described the renal complications of IBD. We sought to evaluate the clinical manifestations of renal complications in children with IBD in order to enable early detection and prompt treatment of the complications. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 456 children and adolescents aged <20 years who had been diagnosed with IBD since 2000. We analyzed patient age, sex, medication use, IBD disease activity, and clinical manifestations of renal symptoms. Results: Our study comprising 456 children with IBD included 299 boys (65.6%) and 157 girls (34.4%). The study included 346 children with Crohn disease and 110 children with ulcerative colitis. The incidence of kidney-related symptoms was 14.7%, which was significantly higher than that in normal children. We observed 26 children (38.8%) with isolated hematuria, 30 children (44.8%) with isolated proteinuria, and 11 children (16.4%) with hematuria and concomitant proteinuria. A renal biopsy was performed in 7 children. Histopathological examination revealed immunoglobulin A nephropathy in 5 children (71.4%). All children presented with mild disease and well-controlled disease activity of IBD. Conclusion: Children with IBD are more likely to show kidney-related symptoms than healthy children and adolescents are. Therefore, regular screening of urine and evaluation of renal function in such children are necessary for early detection of renal complications.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.440-448
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• 2001

As diverse physiological functions of taurine have been reported, taurine-containing health drinks and products are marketed worldwide for the treatment of various conditions such as improvements of liver, heart and circulatory functions or as an aid to athletic performance. Although animal studies have shown that taurine is fairly safe when supplemented in the diet for an extended period, the effective dose range of taurine for dietary supplements is in controversy. Reports on dietary taurine intakes have been sparse, and would serve as a guideline for determining an appropriate taurine dosage. The present study was aimed to estimate dietary intake level of taurine using the taurine content database of commonly used food stuffs established recently in our laboratory, and also to evaluate plasma concentration and urinary excretion of taurine in adolescents and adults residing in Seoul area. Dietary taurine intakes of the subjects were 219$\pm$16.9mg/day for 16-19 years old(n=123), 177$\pm$18.1mg/day for adults older than 20 years old(n=123). Male subjects(n=115) consumed 216$\pm$21.1mg of taurine/day, while female subjects(n=131) consumed 181$\pm$14.3mg of taurine/day(p<0.05). The level of dietary taurine intake was positively correlated with the levels of dietary intakes of energy, carbohydrate, total lipids, cholesterol, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, niacin, vitamin C, calcium, phosphorous, sodium and potassium at p<0.01, and with dietary intakes of iron and animal lipids at p<0.05, respectively. Plasma taurine concentration of subjects were 135$\pm$5.9$\mu$mol/L, which is considered to be within a normal range for healthy subjects. The subjects excreted 1158$\pm$72.7nmol/ of tarine mg creatinine in their urine, which is approximated as 150-170mg of taurine/24hr urine based on the assumption that 18mg creatinine/kg/day is excreted in the urine of healthy adults, and this would be about 80% of the daily taurine intake observed in the same subjects. Dietary taurine intake level was positively correlated with plasma taurine concentration, as well as with urinary taurine excretion corrected by creatinine excretion at p<0.05. The present study was the first report of taurine intake, and plasma concentration and urinary excretion of taurine in a Korean population so far, and these results would serve as an index for the future study evaluating taurine status in a diverse population within and outside Korea. (Korean J Nutrition 34(4) : 440~448, 2001)