• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.681-695
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• 2021

Many existing transmission or communication towers designed several decades ago have undergone nonreversible performance degradation, making it hardly meet the additional requirements from upgrades in wind load design codes and extra services of electricity and communication. Therefore, a new-type non-destructive reinforcement method was proposed to reduce the on-site operation of drilling and welding for improving the quality and efficiency of reinforcement. Six built-up steel angle members were tested under compression to examine the reinforcement performance. Subsequently, the cyclic loading test was conducted on a pair of steel angle tower sub-structures to investigate the reinforcement effect, and a simplified prediction method was finally established for calculating the buckling bearing capacity of those new-type retrofitted built-up steel angles. The results indicates that: no apparent difference exists in the initial stiffness for the built-up specimens compared to the unreinforced steel angles; retrofitting the steel angles by single-bolt clamps can guarantee a relatively reasonable reinforcement effect and is suggested for the reduced additional weight and higher construction efficiency; for the substructure test, the latticed substructure retrofitted by the proposed reinforcement method significantly improves the lateral stiffness, the non-deformability and energy dissipation capacity; moreover, an apparent pinching behavior exists in the hysteretic loops, and there is no obvious yield plateau in the skeleton curves; finally, the accuracy validation result indicates that the proposed theoretical model achieves a reasonable agreement with the test results. Accordingly, this study can provide valuable references for the design and application of the non-destructive upgrading project of steel angle towers.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제74권3호
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• pp.313-323
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• 2020

Non-destructive tests are commonly used in construction industry to access the quality and strength of concrete. However, till date there is no non-destructive testing method that can be adopted to evaluate the bond condition of reinforced concrete beams. In this regard, the presented research work details the use of ultra-sonic pulse velocity test method to evaluate the bond condition of reinforced concrete beam. A detailed experimental research was conducted by testing four identical reinforced concrete beam samples. The samples were loaded in equal increments till failure and ultra-sonic pulse velocity readings were recorded along the length of the beam element. It was observed from experimentation that as the cracks developed in the sample, the ultra-sonic wave velocity reduced for the same path length. This reduction in wave velocity was used to identify the initiation, development and propagation of internal micro-cracks along the length of reinforcement. Using the developed experimental methodology, researchers were able to identify weak spots in bond along the length of the specimen. The proposed method can be adopted by engineers to access the quality of bond for steel reinforcement in beam members. This allows engineers to carryout localized repairs thereby resulting in reduction of time, cost and labor needed for strengthening. Furthermore, the methodology to apply the proposed technique in real-world along with various challenges associated with its application have also been highlighted.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2004년도 춘계 학술발표회 제16권1호
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• pp.48-51
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• 2004

This paper is to study the response of flat plate slab-column connections consisting of various types of shear reinforcement and steel plate subjected to gravity loadings, mainly punching shear forces using the non-destructive testing, spectral analysis of surface waves and structural experiments. The base specimen failed due to punching shear generated from the gravity. The three other types of slab shear reinforcement and steel plate showed effective in resisting punching shear for these types of connections under gravity loading. This study has focused in evaluating the velocity response of a Surface wave during the early age as the poured concrete specimens have been hardened, the possibility of damage detection in the slab-column connection and the relationship between the punching shear forces and the surface wave velocities under the condition that the punching shear forces had gradually increased until the flat plate slab in slab-column connection had been failed.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2006년도 추계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.933-936
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• 2006

Many non-destructive inspection methods have recently been developed for concrete structures. However, these methods can obtain only physical information of concrete, such as crack depth, delamination or position of reinforcement etc. near its surface. If chemical information is required, sampling and componential analyses may be earned out. Non-destructive method that can detect deterioration factors such as carbonation, chloride content or sulfate attack would be an outstanding innovation in inspection methodologies. In this research, near-infrared spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence analysis were applied for componential analysis for concrete. These methods are very effective compared to traditional methods, therefore, working efficiency and maintenance cost will be improved.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.63-81
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• 2010

We present the shape determination method of 3-D reinforcement corrosion based on observed temperature on concrete surface. The non-destructive testing for reinforcement corrosion in concrete using a heat image on concrete surface have been proposed by Oshita. The position of the reinforcement of corrosion or the cavity can be found using that method. However, the size of those defects can not be precisely measured based on the heat image. We therefore proposed the numerical determination system of the shape for the reinforcement corrosion using the observed temperature on the concrete surface. The adjoint variable method is introduced to formulate the shape determination problem, and the finite element method is employed to simulate the heat transfer problem. Some numerical experiments and the examination for the number of the observation points are shown in this paper.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제77권5호
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• pp.637-650
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• 2021

The paper presents an investigation of the widely varying mechanical performance and behaviour of steel and Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) reinforced concrete beams using non-destructive techniques of Acoustic Emission (AE) and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) under four-point bending. Laboratory experiments are performed on both differently reinforced concrete beams with 0.33%, 0.52% and 1.11% of tension reinforcement against balanced section. The results show that the ultimate load-carrying capacity increases with an increase in tensile reinforcement in both cases. In addition to that, AE waveform parameters of amplitude and number of AE hits successfully correlates and picks up the divergent mechanism of cracking initiation and progression of failure in steel reinforced and GFRP reinforced concrete beams. AE activity is about 20-30% more in GFRP-RC beams as compared to steel-RC beams. It was primarily due to the lower modulus of elasticity of GFRP bars leading to much larger ductility and deflections as compared to steel-RC beams. Furthermore, AE XY event plots and longitudinal strain profiles using DIC gives an online and real-time visual display of progressive AE activity and strains respectively to efficaciously depict the crack evolution and their advancement in steel-RC and GFRP-RC beams which show a close matching with the micro-and macro-cracks visually observed in the actual beams at various stages of loading.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.24-31
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• 2011

콘크리트 벽체 구조물에 매입된 철근의 정량적인 부식률을 측정하기 위하여 자연전위 측정법과 적외선 열화상법을 이용하였다. 벽체 실험체는 부식률(0, 1, 3, 5, 7%)과 피복 두께(30 mm, 40 mm), 그리고 철근 배근 간격에 변수를 주어 콘크리트 표면에서 저항 및 전류를 측정하고 온도를 측정하였으며, 콘크리트 표면 상태에서 얻은 결과를 분석하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 전류밀도 분포는 부식률이 증가할수록 그값이 증가하였으며 피복 두께가 클수록 분포도가 넓게 나타났다. 적외선 촬영으로 얻어진 열화상 정보는 서로 다른 부식률과 피복 두께에서는 현저한 차이를 보였으며 주변 온도 및 철근 배근 간격에 대해서는 그 영향이 미비하게 나타났다. 제시된 부식 모델을 통해서 콘크리트 표면의 전류나 온도를 측정하여 내부에 매입되어 있는 철근의 부식률을 정량적으로 측정할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.147-152
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• 2015

Corrosion of steel reinforcement is a major factor in the deterioration of harbour and bridge structure. Steel corrosion in concrete must be checked for assessing the condition of a reinforced concrete structure. There are several ways how to measure the corrosion condition of reinforced concrete, but the corrosion potential measurement is a very simple, rapid, cost-effective and non-destructive technique to evaluate the severity of corrosion in reinforced concrete structure, therefore commonly used by engineers. However some particular situations may not relate to the reinforcement corrosion probability and a simple comparison of the corrosion potential data with the ASTM C876 Standard on steel reinforcement corrosion probability could be meaningless and not give reliable informations because of environment factors as oxygen concentration, chloride content, concrete resistance. Therefore this paper explains the risk of corrosion assessment in reinforced concrete structure and how many factors can affect the reliability of the corrosion potential data.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.75-83
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• 2008

철근 콘크리트 구조물에서 발생하는 균열에 의한 손상은 과도한 하중이나 사용성에 의해 발생한다. 이러한 손상을 검사하는 방법으로 육안으로 확인하거나 비파괴 시험법을 주로 이용하고 있다. 후자의 경우, 콘크리트 내부 철근의 배근 방향성에 의해 균열에 의한 손상인지 판별하기 어려운 문제가 발생하게 되며, 비파괴시험(Non-destructive Test)에 사용되는 대부분의 센서(Sensor)는 1축 가속도 센서이기 때문에 중첩된 전달파를 분석하기에는 어렵다. 따라서, 이를 해결하기 위해 중공 유리관을 이용하였고 콘크리트 보 내부에 매입하여 철근이 매입되어 있는 경우에 대하여 3축 가속도계를 이용하여 탄성파로 가진 하였을 경우에 발생하는 파(Wave)를 비교 분석하였다.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.37-50
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• 2001

최근 터널구조물에서 결함이나 변상이 많이 발생하고 있지만 터널구조물의 특수성으로 인하여 그 원인을 평가하거나, 상태 및 안전성 평가에 있어 많은 어려움을 겪고 있다. 따라서 보다 효율적인 안전진단 및 유지관리대책이 요구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 터널에서의 정밀안전진단을 효과적으로 수행하기 위하여 터널 라이닝과 주변지반에 대한 비파괴 조사기술, 터널 라이닝의 구조적 안정성을 평가할 수 있는 해석기술, 그리고 터널의 변상원인 및 건전도를 판단할 수 있는 평가기술을 개발하여 터널의 열화 및 손상정도를 진단하고 터널의 유지관리를 위한 적절한 보수 보강대책을 제시함으로서 체계적인 터널 안전진단업무에 활용하도록 하였다.