• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.473-481
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• 2007

Energy efficiency is one of the most critical concerns for wireless sensor networks. By allowing sensor nodes in close proximity to cooperate in transmission to form a virtual multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) system, recent progress in wireless MIMO communications can be exploited to boost the system throughput, or equivalently reduce the energy consumption for the same throughput and BER target. However, these cooperative transmission strategies may incur additional energy cost and system overhead. In this paper, assuming that data collectors are equipped with antenna arrays and superior processing capability, energy efficiency of relevant traditional and cooperative transmission strategies: Single-input-multiple-output(SIMO), space-time block coding(STBC), and spatial multiplexing(SM) are studied. Analysis in the wideband regime reveals that, while receive diversity introduces significant improvement in both energy efficiency and spectral efficiency, further improvement due to the transmit diversity of STBC is limited, as opposed to the superiority of the SM scheme especially for non-trivial spectral efficiency. These observations are further confirmed in our analysis of more realistic systems with limited bandwidth, finite constellation sizes, and a target error rate. Based on this analysis, general guidelines are presented for optimal transmission strategy selection in system level and link level, aiming at minimum energy consumption while meeting different requirements. The proposed selection rules, especially those based on system-level metrics, are easy to implement for sensor applications. The framework provided here may also be readily extended to other scenarios or applications.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.51-61
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• 2021

If one is looking for an organization that will be responsive to community needs, stimulate economic growth, and raise people's income, cooperatives should be an obvious choice (Calkins & Ngo, 2005; Larocque et al., 2002). This paper investigates whether the households' income is affected by the access to cooperatives for the case of Phong Dien district, Can Tho city of Vietnam. Data used are directly collected from 250 households that are both participating (120 observations) and not participating in the cooperatives in Truong Long, Tan Thoi, Nhon Ai and Nhon Nghia communes. By using the Probit model, the findings show that there are three statistically significant factors affecting the ability of farm households to participate in the cooperatives at the 1 percent level including land area, distance to market center, and education level. In addition, the PSM model analysis suggests that the average income of cooperative members is significantly higher than that of non-members, about 40.880 million VND/year at the significance level of 1 percent. The empirical results imply that being a cooperative member is a significant contributory factor toward an increase in household income. Based on the research findings, several recommendations to improve the households' income are proposed.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.751-755
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• 1998

Among 2,373 slaughtered pigs examined for one year(March 1995 to February 1996), 1,899 pigs had visible pulmonary lesions. Prevalence rate of pulmonary lesion was examined by pathological techniques according to rearing and health managements of pig farms. The results were as follows : 1. Prevalence rate of pulmonary lesion in all-in/all-out flow farms(71.9%) was lower than that in continous flow farms(85.2%). 2. Prevalence rate of pulmonary lesion in non-infected farms with Aujeszky's disease virus and/or porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(74.4%) was lower than that in infected farms(85.5%). 3. During winter, prevalence rate of pulmonary lesion in farms with cold-control facilities(83.2%) was lower than that in farms with poor cold-control facilities.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.190-198
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• 2010

This paper evaluates the performance of two methods of spectrum sensing: the linear combining method and the selection combining method which is based on maximum SNR of sensing channel. We proposed a rule for global detection for the purpose of combating hidden terminal problems in spectrum sensing. Our analysis considers a situation when sensing channels experience the non-identically, independently distributed(n.i.d) Rayleigh fading. The average probabilities of global detection in these methods are derived and compared. In the scope of this paper, the reporting channels are assumed to be the AWGN channel with invariant and identical gain during the system's operation.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.80-88
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• 2014

Recently, the idea of the smart grid has been gaining significant attention and has become a hot research topic. The purpose of this paper is to present a novel smart grid management scheme that uses game theory principles. In our proposed scheme, power appliances in the smart grid adaptively form groups according to the non-cooperative hedonic game model. By exploiting multi-appliance diversity, appliances in each group are dynamically scheduled in a cooperative manner. For efficient smart grid management, the proposed coopetition game approach is dynamic and flexible to adaptively respond to current system conditions. The main feature is to maximize the overall system performance while satisfying the requirements of individual appliances. Simulation results indicate that our proposed scheme achieves higher energy efficiency and better system performance than other existing schemes.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.2115-2123
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• 2006

The paper deals with the identification of Pareto optimal solutions using GA based coevolution in the context of multiobjective optimization. Coevolution is a genetic process by which several species work with different types of individuals in parallel. The concept of cooperative coevolution is adopted to compensate for each of single objective optimal solutions during genetic evolution. The present study explores the GA based coevolution, and develops prescribed and adaptive scheduling schemes to reflect design characteristics among single objective optimization. In the paper, non-dominated Pareto optimal solutions are obtained by controlling scheduling schemes and comparing each of single objective optimal solutions. The proposed strategies are subsequently applied to a three-bar planar truss design and an energy preserving flywheel design to support proposed strategies.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.773-783
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• 2016

Both coordinated multi-point transmission and frequency reuse are effective approaches to mitigate inter-cell interference and improve network coverage. The motivation of this work is to explore the manner to effectively utilize the spectrum resource by reasonably combining cooperation and frequency reuse. The $Mat{\acute{e}}rn$ cluster process, which is appropriate to model networks with hot spots, is used to model the spatial distribution of base stations. Two cooperative mechanisms, coherent and non-coherent joint transmission (JT), are analyzed and compared. We also evaluate the effect of multiple antennas and imperfect channel state information. The simulation reveals that the proposed approach to combine cooperation and frequency reuse is effective to improve the network coverage for users located at both the center and the boundary of the cooperative region.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2014

Thermal pasteurization has been effectively used for decades as a method to extend the shelf life of milk and to inactivate any pathogenic bacteria that it may contain; however, it can negatively affect the nutritional properties of milk. In recent years, the food industry has sought new, less aggressive technologies that affect food freshness and its nutritive and health benefits less significantly. Various means have been used to extend the shelf life of dairy foods, such as high-pressure processing, irradiation, ohmic heating, and pulsed electric field (PEF) technologies. Of these, PEF technologies are potential alternatives to traditional thermal milk pasteurization, owing to their advantages in minimizing sensory and nutritional damage. In this review, we have primarily focused on the feasibility of applying PEF technologies to the sterilization of dairy products and briefly discussed whether they should be adopted for use in the dairy beverage industry in the future.

• KIEE International Transactions on Power Engineering
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• v.3A no.1
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• pp.42-46
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• 2003

The economic operation of a utility in a deregulated environment brings about optimization problems different from those in vertically integrated one［1］. While each utility operates its own generation capacity to maximize profit, the market operator (or system operator) manages and allocates all the system resources and facilities to achieve the maximum social welfare. This paper presents a sequential application of non-cooperative and cooperative game theories in analyzing the entire power transaction process.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.284-293
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• 2005

A critical issue in applications involving networks of wireless sensors is their ability to synchronize, and mitigate the fading propagation channel effects. Especially when distributed 'slave' sensors (nodes) reach-back to communicate with the 'master' sensor (gateway), low power cooperative schemes are well motivated. Viewing each node as an antenna element in a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) multi-antenna system, we design pilot patterns to estimate the multiple carrier frequency offsets (CFO), and the multiple channels corresponding to each node-gateway link. Our novel pilot scheme consists of non-zero pilot symbols along with zeros, which separate nodes in a time division multiple access (TDMA) fashion, and lead to low complexity schemes because CFO and channel estimators per node are decoupled. The resulting training algorithm is not only suitable for wireless sensor networks, but also for synchronization and channel estimation of single- and multi-carrier MIMO systems. We investigate the performance of our estimators analytically, and with simulations.