• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.61-67
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• 1970

In view of the importance of sulfhydryl groups in producing a chemical protection against ionizing radiation, an attempt was made to evaluate the changes of intrinsic non-protein sulfhydryl (NP-SH) and non-Protein disulfide(NP-SS) of the lung and liver tissues of rabbits following the whole body X-irradiation with 900 r either in single or fractionated $(300\;r{\times}3)$ dose. NP-SH was measured by Ellman's method, and NP-SS was measured by the electrolytic reduction method described by Dohan. Experiment was performed at 1,3,5,24 and 48 hours post·irradiation, and the results were compared with the control. The results thus obtained are summarized as follows; 1) Intrinsic levels of NP-SH and NP-SS of normal rabbits were $0.77{\pm}0.10$ and $0.61{\pm}0.07\;{\mu}mol/gm$ wet weight in liver, and $0.28{\pm}0.03$ and $0.54{\pm}0.03$ in lung tissues respectively. 2) NP-SH of liver after single X-irradiation showed no significant change in general, but at 48 hours post·irradiation, it was elevated comparing with the normal value. 3) Levels of NP-SS in liver was decreased than the normal value in the irradiated groups, and the lowest level was observed at 3 hours after single X-irradiation and at 5 hours after fractionated irradiation. 4) In lung tissues, levels of NP-SS showed no significant change from the control at earlier experimental hours, but a great decrease was observed at later Part of the experiment.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.531-538
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• 2004

Ginsan, a polysaccharide isolated from Panax ginseng, has been shown to be a potent immunomodulator, producing a variety of cytokines such as TNF-a, IL-1$\beta$, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-${\gamma}$ and GM-CSF, and stimulating lymphoid cells to proliferate. In the present study, we analyzed some immune functions 1$^{st}$-5$^{th}$ days after ginsan i.p. injection, including the level of non-protein thiols (NPSH) as antioxidants, heme oxygenase (HO) activity as a marker of oxidative stress, zoxazolamine-induced paralysis time and level of hepatic cytochrome P-450 (CYP450) as indices of drug metabolism system, and activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, and albumin level as indicators of hepatotoxicity. Ginsan in the dose of 100 mg/kg caused marked elevation (1.7-2 fold) of HO activity, decrease of total CYP450 level (by 20-34%), and prolongation of zoxazolamine-induced paralysis time (by 65-70%), and showed some differences between male and female mice. Ginsan treatment did not seem to cause hepatic injury, since serum AST, ALT, and ALP activities and levels of total bilirubin and albumin were not changed.d.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.525-530
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• 2000

mST3GaIV synthesizes ganglioside GM3, the precursor for simple and complex a- and b- series gangliosides, and the expression and regulation of mST3GaIV (CMP-NeuAc: lactosylceramide $\alpha$2,3-sialyltransferase) activity is central to the production of almost all gangliosides, a class of glycosphingolipids implicated in variety of cellular processes such as transmembrane signaling, synaptic transmission, specialized membrane domain formation and cell-cell interactions. To understand the developmental expression of mST3GaIV in mice, we investigated the spatial and temporal expression of mST3GaIV mRNA during the mouse embryogenesis [embryonic (E) days; 19, E11, E13, E15] by in situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labeled RNA probes. All tissues from 19 and E11 were positive for mST3GaIV mRNA. On E13, mST3GaIV mRNA was expressed in various neural and non-neural tissues. In contrast to these, on E15, the telencephalon and liver produced a strong expression of mST3GaIV which was a quite similar to that of E13. In this stage, mST3GaIV mRNA was also expressed in some non-neural tissues. These data indicate that mST3GaIV is differently expressed at developmental stages of embryo, and this may be importantly related with regulation of organogenesis in mice.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2018

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the lifestyle of korean medicine students based on their drinking patterns and eating attitudes. Methods : The survey was conducted on 101 korean medicine students to investigate their psychological characteristics. They were asked to complete Self-Administered Alcoholism Screening Test, Eating Attitude Test, and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2. Results : A total of 101 Korean medical students participated in the study. Non-drinker 19, drinker were 82. Unlikely to, possible and potential alcoholism 79(78.2%), 17(16.8%) and 5(5%) respectively. The mean and standard deviation of SAAST in the subjects were $3.88{\pm}3.33$ and the EAT score was $8.09{\pm}8.693$. There was a significant difference in the MMPI-2 items between non-drinker and drinker. The SAAST had an effect on the EAT score(${\beta}=0.319$). Conclusions : As a result of MMPI-2 test, in the potential alcoholism group, scale D, Mf, Si, INTR, TPA, SOD, Mt and GF were shown higher, and AAS and GM were shown lower than the normal group. In the bad eating attitude group, scale Hy, RC4, DISC and AA were shown higher than the good eating attitude group.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.917-924
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• 2019

This paper presents a wideband low noise amplifier (LNA) that is suitable for LTE-Advanced and 5G communication standards employing carrier aggregation (CA). The proposed LNA encompasses a common input stage and a dual output second stage with a buffer at each distinct output. This architecture is targeted to operate in both intra-band (contiguous and non-contiguous) and inter-band CA. In the proposed design, the input and second stages employ a gm enhancement with resistive feedback technique to achieve self-biasing, enhanced gain, wide bandwidth as well as reduced noise figure of the proposed LNA. An up/down power controller controls the single input single out (SISO) and single input multiple outputs (SIMO) modes of operation for inter-band and intra-band operations. The proposed LNA is designed with a 45nm CMOS technology. For SISO mode of operation, the LNA operates from 0.52GHz to 4.29GHz with a maximum power gain of 17.77dB, 2.88dB minimum noise figure and input (output) matching performance better than -10dB. For SIMO mode of operation, the proposed LNA operates from 0.52GHz to 4.44GHz with a maximum voltage gain of 18.30dB, a minimum noise figure of 2.82dB with equally good matching performance. An $IIP_3$ value of -6.7dBm is achieved in both SISO and SIMO operations. with a maximum current of 42mA consumed (LNA+buffer in SIMO operation) from a 1.2V supply.

• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.111-125
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• 2012

Lipoxygenase(LOX)와 kunitz trypsin inhibitor(KTI) 단백질이 결핍된 non-GM콩(개척#2, 진양콩 및 CJ#1)의 가공적성을 알아보기 위하여 일반콩(태광콩)을 대조로 하여 간장을 제조하여 이화학적 특성 및 항산화 활성을 비교하였다. 원료콩의 일반성분은 시료간에 비슷한 조성을 보였으나, 총 페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량은 태광콩에 비해 LOX와 KTI 단백질 결핍콩에서 유의적으로 높았다. 간장 중 총당 및 환원당 함량은 태광콩 간장이 가장 높았으며, 총 질소 및 아미노태 질소 함량은 진양콩 간장이 가장 높았다. 무기물은 진양콩 및 CJ#1 간장, 아미노산은 3종의 LOX 및 KTI 단백질 결핍콩 간장이 태광콩 간장에 비해 높은 함량이었다. 간장의 갈색도는 진양콩 간장이 가장 높았으며, 황색도는 진양콩 간장이 태광콩 간장과 비슷한 수준이었다. 간장의 종합적인 기호도는 단맛과 구수한 맛이 높았던 진양콩 간장의 점수가 가장 높았다. 간장의 총 페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량은 LOX와 KTI 단백질 결핍콩 간장이 태광콩 간장에 비해 유의적으로 높았다. ABTS 및 DPPH 라디칼 소거활성은 총 페놀 함량에 의존적이었으며, FRAP법에 의한 환원력은 개척#2 및 CJ#1 간장이 태광콩에 비해 유의적으로 높았으며, $Fe^{2+}$ 킬레이트 활성은 태광콩 간장이 여타 간장의 활성에 비해 높았으나, 진양콩 간장과 비슷한 수준이었다. 따라서 LOX와 KTI 단백질 결핍콩으로 제조한 간장은 일반콩 간장에 비해 영양적 성분 및 항산화 활성이 높아 기능성 가공식품 소재로써 활용 가능성이 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.21-34
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• 2016

Objectives : The aim of the present study is to examine the effect and mechanism of Erycibae Caulis and Corydalis Tuber Pharmacopuncture (ECP) on a mouse model with collagen induced rheumatoid arthritis (CIA). Methods : We evaluated the Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Creatinine, and the Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of serum to examine the safety of this study. In vivo, we compared the results of the non-treated group, the normal saline pharmacopuncture treated control group, the indomethacin treated group and the ECP group. We evaluated rheumatoid arthritis manifestation and the Rheumatoid Arthritis Index (AI). Also, immune cells in blood affected by ECP were evaluated by calculating the level of white blood cells (WBC), neutrophil, lympocytes and monocytes. Next, the level of Immunoglobulin M (IgM), Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-17, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ and Granulocyte-macrophage Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF)in serum were measured. We examined the imaging of cartilage degeneration using micro CT-arthrography of the hind paw. Additionally, we examined the effects of reducing bone volume (BV) ratio and bone surface/bone volume (BS/BV) ratio with 3D Micro-CT. Finally, we did a histopathologic examination analysis. Results : The absence of liver and kidney toxicity was evident. In vivo, edema of the joints of the ECP group decreased greatly in macroscopic observation. AI measurement of the ECP group also decreased significantly compared to the control group. The level of WBC, neutrophil, lympocytes, and monocytes in the blood decreased but there was no statistical significance of this data. IgM of the ECP group decreased significantly compared to the control group. IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, and GM-CSF production of the ECP group decreased significantly compared to the control group. As a result of examining joint condition with 3D micro CT, deformation and destruction of the joint was shown to have decreased. Bone density of ECP group increased at a statistically significant level compared to the control group. Degree of joint inflammation of ECP group decreased significantly compared to the control group. After H&E and M-T staining, infiltration of immune cells, subsidence of the cartilage, damage to the synovial cells and joint erosion decreased. Conclusion : This study showed that ECP hindered the process of rheumatoid arthritis and protected joints and cartilage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권12호
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• pp.1756-1763
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• 2017

Objective: The study aimed at assessing the effects of frozen storage duration on quality characteristics, lipid oxidation and sensory quality of various horse muscles. Methods: Five representative muscles: longissimus dorsi (LD), gluteus medius (GM), semimembranosus (SM), biceps femoris (BF), and triceps brachii (TB) at 24 h post-mortem obtained from 28-mo-old Jeju female breed horses (n = 8) were used in the present investigation. The muscles were vacuumpackaged and frozen at $-20^{\circ}C$ for 120, 240, and 360 days. All the samples were analyzed for thawing and cooking losses, pH, Warner-Bratzler shear forces (WBSF), color traits, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and sensory traits. The muscle samples analyzed on day 0 of frozen storage (fresh, non-frozen) were used for comparison. Results: Results revealed that thawing and cooking losses significantly (p<0.05) increased in all the muscles after 120 days and then remained unchanged up to 360 days of frozen storage. The TBARS and TVBN contents significantly increased as increasing frozen storage time up to 360 days (p<0.05). While, significant decreases in WBSF values were observed for all the muscles with increased frozen storage time (p<0.05). Frozen storage variously affected the color traits of the muscles for instance; the redness of LD, GM, and BF muscles showed a decreasing tendency during frozen storage while it was not changed in TB and SM muscles. Furthermore, the frozen storage did not produce detrimental effects on sensory quality as it did not cause flavor and juiciness defects whereas it partially improved the tenderness of all the muscles studied. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained from our work, it is concluded that frozen storage could be applied to increase the long-term shelf life of horsemeat while still retaining its sensory quality.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.57-63
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• 1972

In an attempt to better understand the radioprotective effect of reduced glutathione(GSH), and to observe a possible radioprotective effect of Ginseng extract, whole body X-irradiation of 1,200 r was administered to the mouse either independently or immediately following the injection of GSH or Ginseng extract to the mouse intraperitoneally. The non-protein sulfhydryl (NP-SH) and non-protein disulfide (NP-SS) levels of the liver, and NP-SH level of NP-SH of the blood of the mouse were measured at 30, 60 and 120 minutes, and results were compared with the normal. The results thus obtained are summarized as follows; 1) The normal values of NP-SH and NP-SS of the mouse liver were $5.90{\pm}0.46\;{\mu}\;mol/gm\;wet\;wt.,\;and\;3.02{\pm}0.42\;{\mu}\;mol/ml$ wet wt., respectively, and the normal value of NP-SH of NP-SH of the mouse blood was $3.98{\pm}1.29\;{\mu}\;mol/ml$ 2) The injection of both GSH and Ginseng extract produced the highest values of NP-SH in the liver at 30 minutes, but a gradual decrease to the normal was observed thereafter. When X-irradiation alone was applied, the liver NP-SH value was lower than the normal at 60 minutes post-irradiation and thereafter. When Ginseng extract was injected immediately prior to X-irradiation, the liver NP-SH was lower than the normal throughout the experiment with the lowest value at 60 minutes. However, the combination of GSH and X-irradiation produced higher than the normal values throughout the entire experiment. 3) The liver NP-SS value was most significantly elevated at 30 minutes after the injection of GSH, hut the recovery to the normal was observed thereafter. The injection of Ginseng extract produced slightly higher liver NP-SS values at 30 and 60 minutes, but the value at 120 minutes was similar to the normal. The single application of X-irradiation resulted in the lower then normal liver NP-SS values throughout the entire experiment. When GSH was injected price to X-irradiation, the liver NP-SS values were higher than the normal at 30 and 60 minutes followed b the recovery to the normal at 120 minutes. The combination of Ginseng extract and X-irradiation showed generally lower liver NP-SS values throughout the experiment. 4) The blood NP-SH showed the higher than the normal values in all the experimental groups except when GSH was injected prior to X-irradiation alone produced e significantly elevated blood NP-SS value at 30 minutes post-irradiation.

• 치과방사선
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.27-44
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• 1993

This study was performed to investigate the changes of mandibular condyle by low calcium diet and the effects of irradiation on the bone in osteoporotic state. In order to carry out this experiment, 80 seven-week old Sprague-Dawley strain rats weighing about 150 gm were selected and equally divided into one experimental group of 40 rats and one control group with the remainder. The experimental group and the control group were then subdivided into two group and exposed to irradiation. The two irradiation groups received a single dose of 20 Gy on the jaw area only and irradiated with a cobalt-60 teletherapy unit. The rats in the control and experimental groups were serially terminated by fours on the 3rd, the 7th, the 14th, and the 21st day after irradiation. After termination, both sides of the dead rats mandibular condyle were removed and fixed with 10% neutral formalin. The bone mineral density of mandibular condyle was measured by use of dual energy X-ray bone densitometer(model DDX-alpha, Lunn Corp., U. S. A.). The mandibular condyle was radiographed with Hitex HA-80(Hitex Co., Japan). Thereafter, the obtained radiographs were observed, and the mandibular condyle was further decalcified and embedded in paraffin as the general method. The specimen sectioned and stained with hematoxylin-eosin, PAS and Rabbit Anti-Human Tumor Necrosis Factor-a observed by a light microscope. The obtained results were as follows: 1. In the non-irradiated group with the low calcium diet, the bone mineral density of the condyle was markedly decreased after 14 days, and decrease the number of trabeculae of the condyle and resorption of the calcified cartilaginous zone were observed after 3 days. On microscopic observations, the number nd size of trabeculae were decreased after 7 days of experiment. 2. In the irradiated group with the low calcium diet, the bone mineral density of the condyle was markedly decreased after 14 days and resorption of the calcified cartilaginous zone and decrease the number and coarse of the trabeculae of the condyle were observed. These findings were extended rather than in non-irradiated group with low calcium diet. On microscopic observations, many osteoclasts were detected and the number and size of trabeculae were somewhat decreased after 7 days. Also there was degenerative changes of tissues of bone marrow on the 14th day but that condition was restored on the 21st day of experiment. 3. In the irradiated group with normal diet, the bone mineral density of the condyle was somewhat decreased with times and degree of decrease of the number of trabeculae was somewhat larger than in the non-irradiated group with normal diet. On microscopic observations, the tissues of bone marrow were atrophic and degenerative changes but that condition was restored on the 21st day of experiment. 4. In immunocytochemical findings, in the irradiated and non-irradiated groups with low calcium diet, negative or partial positive response to TNF was observed, but positive response in the normal diet groups.